AACE绝经后骨质疏松诊治指南

2011-07-29 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

  骨质疏松是一种日益增多的严重性公共健康问题,并且可对医疗、社会和经济产生影响。此项指南由美国临床内分泌医师学会(AACE)制定[Endocr Pract. 2010;16(Suppl 3)],并且希望以此降低骨质疏松相关性骨折风险,进而改善骨质疏松患者的生活质量。此项指南采用了最佳证据,并将疾病的经济影响以及绝经后骨质疏松女性的有效评估和治疗需求纳入考量范围。此项

  骨质疏松是一种日益增多的严重性公共健康问题,并且可对医疗、社会和经济产生影响。此项指南由美国临床内分泌医师学会(AACE)制定[Endocr Pract. 2010;16(Suppl 3)],并且希望以此降低骨质疏松相关性骨折风险,进而改善骨质疏松患者的生活质量。此项指南采用了最佳证据,并将疾病的经济影响以及绝经后骨质疏松女性的有效评估和治疗需求纳入考量范围。此项指南的目的在于为内分泌医师、全科医师和相关机构提供绝经后骨质疏松诊断、评估和治疗的循证性信息。

  指南推荐摘要

  1. 可采取何种措施预防骨丢失?

  推荐(R)1. 保持足量钙摄入;如果需要,利用钙添加剂亦最低摄入要求(A级;最佳证据水平[BEL]1)。

  R2. 保持足量维生素D摄入;如果需要,添加维生素D使血清25-羟基维生素D[25(OH)D]水平保持在30~60 ng/ml之间(A级;BEL 1)。

  R3. 限制酒精摄入,每日饮酒不超过2次(B级;BEL 2)。

  R4. 限制咖啡摄入(C级;BEL 2)。

  R5. 避免吸烟或戒烟(B级;BEL 2)。

  R6. 保持活动性生活方式,包括每日至少30分钟承重锻炼(B级;BEL 2)。

   2. 哪些非药物性方法可被推荐用于治疗骨质疏松?

  前述方法加下述方法:

  R7. 保持足量蛋白质摄入(B级;BEL 3)。

  R8. 机体功能运用适当(B级;BEL 1)。

  R9. 在跌倒风险较高的个体中考虑应用髋保护器(B级;BEL 1)。

  R10. 采取措施降低跌倒风险(B级;BEL 2)。

  R11. 考虑转诊行理疗或职业治疗(B级;BEL 1)。

    3. 哪些人需要行骨质疏松筛查?

  R12. 65岁以上女性(B级;BEL 2)。

  R13. 基于危险因素列表,骨折风险升高的绝经后女性(C级;BEL 2)。

    4. 骨质疏松如何诊断?

  R14. 采用双能X线吸收(DXA)测定法(B级;BEL 3)。

  R15. 无骨折时,骨质疏松被定义为脊柱、股骨颈或髋骨T评分≤-2.5(B级;BEL 2)。

  R16. 无其他骨骼疾病时,骨质疏松被定义为髋骨或脊柱骨折(B级;BEL 3)。

   5. 骨质疏松如何评估?

  R17. 对继发性骨质疏松进行评估(B级;BEL 2)。

  R18. 对椎骨骨折情况进行评估(B级;BEL 2)。

    6. 哪些人需要接受药物治疗?

  R19. 伴有髋骨或脊柱骨折史的患者(A级;BEL 1)。

  R20. 无骨折史但T评分≤-2.5的患者(A级;BEL 1)。

  R21. T评分为-1.0至-2.5之间,但FRAX严重骨质疏松性骨折概率≥20%或髋骨骨折概率≥3%的患者(A级;BEL 2)。

   7. 哪些药物可用于治疗骨质疏松?

  使用具有明确抗骨折效果的药物:

  R22. 以阿伦膦酸盐、利塞膦酸盐、唑来膦酸和denosumab作为一线治疗药物(A级;BEL 1)。

  R23. 以伊班膦酸盐作为二线药物(A级;BEL 1)。

  R24. 以雷洛昔芬作为二线或三线治疗治疗药物(A级;BEL 2)。

  R25. 以降钙素作为最后治疗药物(C级;BEL 2)。

  R26. 使用特立帕肽治疗二膦酸盐无效的极高危骨折风险患者(A级;BEL 1)。

  R27. 不建议采用联合治疗(B级;BEL 2)。

    8. 治疗如何监测?

  R28. 测定基线DXA,并且每1至2年重复测定DXA直至结果稳定。其后每2年或更长的时间间隔进行DXA随访(B级;BEL 2)。

  R29. 监测脊柱或髋骨骨密度(BMD)变化(C级;BEL 2)。

  R30. 随访患者应由同一所医疗机构、同样的设备以及(可能时)相同的技师来实施(B级;BEL 2)。

  R31. 在基线时可应用骨转换标志物确定骨转换较高的患者,并且可用于随访治疗反应(C级;BEL 2)。

   9. 何谓骨质疏松治疗成功?

  R32. BMD稳定或升高,并且无骨折出现(B级;BEL 2)。

  R33. 对于服用抗重吸收药物的患者,骨转换标志物水平处于绝经前女性中位值或以下(B级;BEL 2)。

  R34. 骨折并非治疗失败的必需证据。对于接受治疗时出现复发性骨折的患者,可考虑调整治疗或对骨丢失的继发性原因进行重新评估(B级;BEL 2)。

    10. 患者应接受多长时间的治疗?

  R35. 对于双膦酸盐治疗而言,如果骨质疏松轻微,可考虑在稳定4至5年后短期停药。如果骨折风险较高,可考虑在治疗10年后停药1至2年(B级;BEL 1)。

  R36. 在药物停用期间随访BMD和骨转换标志物,如果骨密度显著降低、骨转换标志物升高或骨折发生,则应重新启动治疗(C级;BEL 3)。

     11. 何时应将患者转诊至内分泌医师?

  R37. 当患者BMD正常,在无严重创伤的情况下仍出现骨折(C级;BEL 4)。

  R38. 当患者接受治疗期间,在无明显治疗所致骨丢失的情况下仍出现复发性骨折或持续性骨丢失(C级;BEL 4)。

  R39. 当骨质疏松严重度超出预期或线非常见骨折(C级;BEL 4)。

  R40. 当患者伴有需要复发治疗的疾病时(如肾衰、甲状旁腺功能亢进或吸收不良)(C级;BEL 4)。

  

  美国FDA批准用于治疗骨质疏松的药物

  

  药物

  绝经后骨质疏松

  糖皮质激素诱导性骨质疏松

  

  预防

  治疗

  预防

  治疗

  男性

  雌激素(多种制剂)

  多种方案

  …

  …

  …

  …

  降钙素(Miacalcin,Fortical)

  …

  200 IU鼻内应用1次/日

  或100 IU SQ qod

  …

  …

  …

  Denosumab(Prolia)

  …

  60 mg SQ 1次/6个月

  …

  …

  …

  雷洛昔芬(Evista)

  60 mg PO 1次/日

  …

  …

  …

  …

  伊班膦酸盐(Boniva)

  2.5 mg PO 1次/日

  150 mg PO 1次/月

  2.5 mg PO 1次/日

  3 mg IV 1次/3个月

  …

  …

  …

  阿伦膦酸盐(Fosamax)

  5 mg PO 1次/日

  35 mg PO 1次/周

  10 mg PO 1次/日

  70 mg PO 1次/周

  70 mg+D

  …

  5 mg PO 1次/日

  10 mg PO 1次/日

  10 mg PO 1次/日

  70 mg PO 1次/周

  利塞膦酸盐(Actonel)

  5 mg PO 1次/日

  35 mg PO 1次/周

  150 mg  PO 1次/月

  5 mg PO 1次/日

  35 mg PO 1次/周

  150 mg  PO 1次/月

  5 mg PO 1次/日

  5 mg PO 1次/日

  35 mg PO 1次/周

  150 mg  PO 1次/月

  唑来膦酸(Reclast)

  5 mg IV 1次/2年

  5 mg IV 1次/年

  5 mg IV 1次/年

  5 mg IV 1次/年

  5 mg IV 1次/年

  特立帕肽(Forteo)

  …

  20 μg SQ 1次/日

  …

  20 μg SQ 1次/日

  20 μg SQ 1次/日

  请参阅药物说明书了解特定处方信息。IV=静脉应用;PO=口服;qod=每隔一日;SQ=皮下应用。

  片剂和单位计量液体的Fosamax 70 mg均有售。阿伦膦酸盐(非专利Fosamax)有售。

  Fosamax Plus D时一种含有70 mg阿伦膦酸盐和2800 IU或5600 IU维生素D的片剂,每周应用一次。

  在男性和雌激素充足女性中,阿伦膦酸盐治疗糖皮质激素诱导性骨质疏松的批准剂量为5 mg/日。

  在雌激素缺乏女性中,阿伦膦酸盐治疗糖皮质激素诱导性骨质疏松的批准剂量为10 mg/日。

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    2011-11-26 shanyongle
  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1655636, encodeId=7de5165563619, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2a011829d7' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ACE#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=1829, encryptionId=2a011829d7, topicName=ACE)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=635024767990, createdName=shanyongle, createdTime=Sat Nov 26 02:57:00 CST 2011, time=2011-11-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1699172, encodeId=383f16991e295, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1349166054' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#AACE#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=1660, encryptionId=1349166054, topicName=AACE)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=5ca229920897, createdName=zgwhgch, createdTime=Fri Sep 02 13:57:00 CST 2011, time=2011-09-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1256961, encodeId=60c912569616b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cdfce8879b1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#绝经#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=78879, encryptionId=cdfce8879b1, topicName=绝经)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a12645, createdName=yeye5224612, createdTime=Sun Jul 31 06:57:00 CST 2011, time=2011-07-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1592225, encodeId=54ee15922258a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6dc2101853ed' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#骨质#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=101853, encryptionId=6dc2101853ed, topicName=骨质)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e1d018108513, createdName=Eleven17, createdTime=Sun Jul 31 06:57:00 CST 2011, time=2011-07-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1604689, encodeId=9c84160468975, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9c279166488' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#诊治指南#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91664, encryptionId=9c279166488, topicName=诊治指南)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0d4719270101, createdName=ms9651749636653578, createdTime=Sun Jul 31 06:57:00 CST 2011, time=2011-07-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1631461, encodeId=a4831631461ce, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6395e888343' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#绝经后#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=78883, encryptionId=6395e888343, topicName=绝经后)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=32b921798518, createdName=zxxiang, createdTime=Sun Jul 31 06:57:00 CST 2011, time=2011-07-31, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2011-09-02 zgwhgch
  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1655636, encodeId=7de5165563619, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2a011829d7' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ACE#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=1829, encryptionId=2a011829d7, topicName=ACE)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=635024767990, createdName=shanyongle, createdTime=Sat Nov 26 02:57:00 CST 2011, time=2011-11-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1699172, encodeId=383f16991e295, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1349166054' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#AACE#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=1660, encryptionId=1349166054, topicName=AACE)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=5ca229920897, createdName=zgwhgch, createdTime=Fri Sep 02 13:57:00 CST 2011, time=2011-09-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1256961, encodeId=60c912569616b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cdfce8879b1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#绝经#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=78879, encryptionId=cdfce8879b1, topicName=绝经)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a12645, createdName=yeye5224612, createdTime=Sun Jul 31 06:57:00 CST 2011, time=2011-07-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1592225, encodeId=54ee15922258a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6dc2101853ed' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#骨质#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=101853, encryptionId=6dc2101853ed, topicName=骨质)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e1d018108513, createdName=Eleven17, createdTime=Sun Jul 31 06:57:00 CST 2011, time=2011-07-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1604689, encodeId=9c84160468975, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9c279166488' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#诊治指南#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91664, encryptionId=9c279166488, topicName=诊治指南)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0d4719270101, createdName=ms9651749636653578, createdTime=Sun Jul 31 06:57:00 CST 2011, time=2011-07-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1631461, encodeId=a4831631461ce, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6395e888343' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#绝经后#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=78883, encryptionId=6395e888343, topicName=绝经后)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=32b921798518, createdName=zxxiang, createdTime=Sun Jul 31 06:57:00 CST 2011, time=2011-07-31, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1655636, encodeId=7de5165563619, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2a011829d7' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ACE#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=1829, encryptionId=2a011829d7, topicName=ACE)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=635024767990, createdName=shanyongle, createdTime=Sat Nov 26 02:57:00 CST 2011, time=2011-11-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1699172, encodeId=383f16991e295, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1349166054' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#AACE#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=1660, encryptionId=1349166054, topicName=AACE)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=5ca229920897, createdName=zgwhgch, createdTime=Fri Sep 02 13:57:00 CST 2011, time=2011-09-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1256961, encodeId=60c912569616b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cdfce8879b1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#绝经#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=78879, encryptionId=cdfce8879b1, topicName=绝经)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a12645, createdName=yeye5224612, createdTime=Sun Jul 31 06:57:00 CST 2011, time=2011-07-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1592225, encodeId=54ee15922258a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6dc2101853ed' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#骨质#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=101853, encryptionId=6dc2101853ed, topicName=骨质)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e1d018108513, createdName=Eleven17, createdTime=Sun Jul 31 06:57:00 CST 2011, time=2011-07-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1604689, encodeId=9c84160468975, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9c279166488' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#诊治指南#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91664, encryptionId=9c279166488, topicName=诊治指南)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0d4719270101, createdName=ms9651749636653578, createdTime=Sun Jul 31 06:57:00 CST 2011, time=2011-07-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1631461, encodeId=a4831631461ce, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6395e888343' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#绝经后#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=78883, encryptionId=6395e888343, topicName=绝经后)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=32b921798518, createdName=zxxiang, createdTime=Sun Jul 31 06:57:00 CST 2011, time=2011-07-31, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2011-07-31 Eleven17
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  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1655636, encodeId=7de5165563619, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2a011829d7' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ACE#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=1829, encryptionId=2a011829d7, topicName=ACE)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=635024767990, createdName=shanyongle, createdTime=Sat Nov 26 02:57:00 CST 2011, time=2011-11-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1699172, encodeId=383f16991e295, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1349166054' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#AACE#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=1660, encryptionId=1349166054, topicName=AACE)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=5ca229920897, createdName=zgwhgch, createdTime=Fri Sep 02 13:57:00 CST 2011, time=2011-09-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1256961, encodeId=60c912569616b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cdfce8879b1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#绝经#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=78879, encryptionId=cdfce8879b1, topicName=绝经)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a12645, createdName=yeye5224612, createdTime=Sun Jul 31 06:57:00 CST 2011, time=2011-07-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1592225, encodeId=54ee15922258a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6dc2101853ed' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#骨质#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=101853, encryptionId=6dc2101853ed, topicName=骨质)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e1d018108513, createdName=Eleven17, createdTime=Sun Jul 31 06:57:00 CST 2011, time=2011-07-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1604689, encodeId=9c84160468975, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9c279166488' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#诊治指南#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91664, encryptionId=9c279166488, topicName=诊治指南)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0d4719270101, createdName=ms9651749636653578, createdTime=Sun Jul 31 06:57:00 CST 2011, time=2011-07-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1631461, encodeId=a4831631461ce, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6395e888343' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#绝经后#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=78883, encryptionId=6395e888343, topicName=绝经后)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=32b921798518, createdName=zxxiang, createdTime=Sun Jul 31 06:57:00 CST 2011, time=2011-07-31, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2011-07-31 zxxiang

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