Nature Neuroscience :超声波直接作用于人脑可提高觉察能力

2014-01-16 佚名 生物360

海豚、蝙蝠甚至螳螂,都把超声波作为一种感觉引导系统。日前,来自弗吉尼亚理工大学加里兰研究所(Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute)的科学家们发现,将超声波直接作用于脑部特定区域,能增强人们对触觉的分辨能力。这也是研究人员首次证明,低强度、经颅聚焦超声波能调节人类脑活动,提高觉察能力。相关论文在线发表于近日出版的《自然-神经科学》(Nature Neur



海豚、蝙蝠甚至螳螂,都把超声波作为一种感觉引导系统。

日前,来自弗吉尼亚理工大学加里兰研究所(Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute)的科学家们发现,将超声波直接作用于脑部特定区域,能增强人们对触觉的分辨能力。这也是研究人员首次证明,低强度、经颅聚焦超声波能调节人类脑活动,提高觉察能力。相关论文在线发表于近日出版的《自然-神经科学》(Nature Neuroscience)杂志上。【原文下载

论文资深作者、加里兰研究所副教授 William Tyler 说:“目前,绘制人脑神经连接呈增长趋势,超声波有望为此带来前所未有的分辨率。我们决定看看超声波对负责处理触觉输入信息的脑区有哪些影响。”

在这项最新研究中,科学家对处理手部感觉的脑皮层区发送了聚焦超声波。为了刺激中间神经(沿手臂下来通过腕骨通道的一条神经),他们在志愿者手腕放了一个小电极,并用脑电图(EEG)记录其脑部反应。然后在刺激神经之前,瞄准相应脑区开始发送超声波。结果发现,超声波能降低 EEG 信号,削弱脑波对编码触觉刺激的反应。

研究人员随后进行了两项传统神经学测试:两点辨别和频率辨别。前者检查志愿者能否区分接触皮肤的两个相邻物体是在不同的两个点;后者检测他对一串气流频率的敏感性。实验显示,在辨别靠近物体、连续气流频率的微小差异方面,接受超声波的志愿者的觉察能力明显提高。当研究小组将超声波束从原来位置移动了一厘米时,这种影响消失了。

Tyler 表示:“观察结果让我们惊讶!虽然与触觉刺激相关的脑波被削弱,但人们在觉知感觉差异方面确实做得更好。”

为什么遏制大脑对感觉刺激的反应却提高了觉知能力?这似乎很矛盾。 Tyler 推测,是超声波影响了重要的神经平衡。“我们认为,聚焦超声波在它瞄准的脑区部位,改变了处理感觉刺激时兴奋与抑制的平衡,这种改变阻止了刺激兴奋的扩展,使得觉知功能增强。”

Tyler 表示:“这意味着我们能利用超声波瞄准一毫米大小的脑区。这一发现也带来了一种调节人脑活动的非入侵式新方法,而且空间分辨率超过现有任何方法。”基于本研究和较早的一项研究结果,研究人员认为,超声波比目前的经颅磁刺激和经颅直流电刺激的空间分辨率更高。

论文第一作者、加里兰研究所博士后学者 Wynn Legon 说:“进一步理解超声波脉冲怎样影响突触抑制与兴奋的平衡,怎样影响局部脑回路对长程连接的活动,这对我们更精确绘制人脑中大量的互联突触回路很有帮助。”

加里兰研究所执行董事、专门研究大脑可塑性的神经科学家 Michael Friedlander 表示:“在开发新的安全有效的非入侵方法、调节人脑细胞回路中信息流方面,Tyler 与其同事的研究处在前列。”这种方法为精确掌握神经回路活动提供了技术和理论证明,有助于开发神经退行性紊乱病症的潜在疗法,也为探索正常人脑功能,理解认知、决策与思维带来了强有力的新工具。

Tyler 指出:“在神经科学中,要扰乱一些事很容易。我们能分散你的注意,让你感到麻木,产生视觉错觉。让事情变糟很容易,但要让事情变好却很难。这一发现让我们确信,我们的道路是正确的。”

原文出处:

Wynn Legon, Tomokazu F Sato, Alexander Opitz, Jerel Mueller, Aaron Barbour, Amanda Williams & William J Tyler. Transcranial focused ultrasound modulates the activity of primary somatosensory cortex in humans. Nature Neuroscience, 12 January 2014; 【原文下载

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    2014-09-05 yyj074
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    2014-09-30 liye789132251
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    2014-01-18 jichang

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