Gastroenterology:小鼠及人肠道干细胞的鉴定培养方法

2013-09-18 佚名 丁香园

鉴定肠道干细胞在很大程度上依赖转基因报告小鼠模型。但是该研究方法受到嵌合型表达的限制而且很难在人体组织中直接应用。美国密苏里州堪萨斯城斯道尔医学研究所Fengchao Wang博士等人建立了优良的功能学实验以区分小鼠及人类的肠道干细胞,并鉴定出了人和小鼠肠道干细胞可靠的表面标志物。【原文下载】 作者主要采用免疫组化、实时定量逆转录聚合酶链反应以及荧光激活流式细胞分选技术分别分析小鼠和人类肠道组织

鉴定肠道干细胞在很大程度上依赖转基因报告小鼠模型。但是该研究方法受到嵌合型表达的限制而且很难在人体组织中直接应用。美国密苏里州堪萨斯城斯道尔医学研究所Fengchao Wang博士等人建立了优良的功能学实验以区分小鼠及人类的肠道干细胞,并鉴定出了人和小鼠肠道干细胞可靠的表面标志物。【原文下载

作者主要采用免疫组化、实时定量逆转录聚合酶链反应以及荧光激活流式细胞分选技术分别分析小鼠和人类肠道组织原代获取的上皮细胞。我们在分选表达Lgr5标记的绿色荧光蛋白细胞的基础上,分析不同表面标志物的组合。我们开发了一种培养流程能够便利地从小鼠肠道分离出功能性肠道干细胞。并利用人肠道隐窝细胞和公认的人肠道干细胞对该实验方法进行了验证。

流式细胞仪筛选结果显示小鼠表面标志物为CD44(+)CD24(lo)CD166(+) 的小肠和结肠肠粘膜上皮细胞高表达干细胞相关基因。根据表达GRP78或c-Kit的情况排除过渡型增殖细胞及祖细胞。小鼠小肠粘膜分离出的CD44(+)CD24(lo)CD166(+) GRP78(lo/-)细胞推定为肠道干细胞,包含有Lgr5-GFP(hi)和Lgr5-GFP(med/lo) 两个亚群。利用GSK抑制剂CHIR99021及E-钙粘着蛋白稳定剂Thiazovivin进行培养,单独分离出的肠道干细胞中25%-30%可以形成集落。

研究结果表明, CD44(+)CD24(lo)CD166(+)GRP78(lo/-)以及CD44(+)CD24(lo)CD166(+)c-Kit(-)可以简单易行地分离纯化出小鼠小肠及结肠干细胞。CD44(+)CD24(-/lo)CD166(+)同样可以鉴定出人肠道干细胞。这些发现为进一步研究小鼠及人肠道干细胞的功能提供了基础。

研究背景:因肠道上皮细胞具有结果简单、更新速度快的特点,所以为研究成年哺乳动物干细胞的功能提供了良好的模型。小鼠体内遗传标记结合世系追踪是一种很好的鉴定小鼠肠道干细胞的方法。然而此种方法依赖转基因或基因敲入技术将标记蛋白例如Lgr5-绿色荧光蛋白转入小鼠体内构建转基因小鼠模型以鉴定隐窝柱状细胞,并通过结构报告Bmi-1、mTert、Hopx和Lrig 1以标记+4位置的肠道干细胞。而且,这些转基因报告小鼠模型经常马赛克融合表达基因。更重要的是由小鼠中鉴定出的亚群无法直接应用于人类相关研究。这就大大限制了在人体对肠道干细胞功能的研究。

多项研究利用鉴定单一基因的表达来区分肠道干细胞,如EphB2、CD24和CD166等。但单一表面标志物并不能有效地将祖细胞和分化细胞分开。例如EphB2在超过60%的人隐窝细胞中存在不同程度的表达。即使是EphB高表达的细胞群中也同时包括了肠道干细胞和Muc2+的祖细胞。表达Sox9-GFP或CD24+的分离的肠道干细胞其集落形成率仅0.2%-0.6%.由此可见,上述所有单一的细胞表面标志物均不能很理想地分离肠道干细胞。

所以鉴定能高效分离肠道干细胞的细胞表面标志物集合具有重要意义。然而在体外培养肠道干细胞存在一定的困难,其良好的生长依赖潘氏细胞的存在。虽然有报道称Wnt3a可在体外培养细胞中取代潘氏细胞,但也存在争议。有学者指出Lgr5+的隐窝柱状细胞只有在与潘氏细胞混合而不是Wnt3a存在的情况下才可生长良好。在结肠不存在潘氏细胞的情况下c-Kit+的杯状细胞可以支持结肠干细胞的生长但效率很低。由此可见开发出一套优良的体外培养系统对于肠道干细胞研究十分重要。

近期发现肠道干细胞存在2个亚群在调节肠道组织内稳态方面发挥作用。一是定位于潘氏细胞区域接近+4位置的与潘氏细胞、静止期肠道干细胞混合在一起的隐窝柱状上皮细胞有着快速循环更新的特性。报道指出隐窝柱状上皮细胞表达所有+4区域肠道干细胞表面标志物。另一类是近期研究发现当发生基因消融或射线损伤时,定位在潘氏细胞区域以上的肠道干细胞储备亚群被激活并取代损伤上皮细胞。然而遗憾的是并未鉴定出能够区分该亚型肠道干细胞的表面标志物。

在本研究中,我们在Lgr5不同表达水平的基础上,鉴定了小鼠肠道干细胞的表面标志物组合,并采用新的培养方法研究了这类细胞的功能特性。这个方法在流式细胞仪分离鉴定的人肠道干细胞以及隐窝细胞中得到了验证。

原文下载

Wang F, Scoville D, He XC, Mahe MM, Box A, Perry JM, Smith NR, Lei NY, Davies PS, Fuller MK, Haug JS, McClain M, Gracz AD, Ding S, Stelzner M, Dunn JC, Magness ST, Wong MH, Martin MG, Helmrath M, Li L.Isolation and characterization of intestinal stem cells based on surface marker combinations and colony-formation assay.Gastroenterology. 2013 Aug;145(2):383-95.e1-21.

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