JAMA Neurology:大概率能恢复——脑外伤患者昏迷期间仍应继续生命支持!

2021-03-18 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

外伤性脑损伤(TBI)是大脑组织的实质性损伤,可以短暂或持久地损害大脑功能。临床上疑似病例可以通过影像检查确诊(主要是CT检查)。初始治疗包括保持气道开放和维持足够通气、氧合和血压支持。严重的TBI患

外伤性脑损伤(TBI)是大脑组织的实质性损伤,可以短暂或持久地损害大脑功能。临床上疑似病例可以通过影像检查确诊(主要是CT检查)。初始治疗包括保持气道开放和维持足够通气、氧合和血压支持。严重的TBI患者通常需要接受手术,进行监护、记录颅内压。

与世界多数地区一样,在我国,TBI也是死亡和致残的常见原因。TBI最常见的病因包括:摔倒 (特别是在老年人和小孩)、机动车撞车及其他与交通有关的原因(例如自行车撞车,与行人发生碰撞)、搏击、体育活动(如, 运动相关脑震荡)等。

据统计,仅在美国,每年有290万人次因TBI前往急诊室就诊,并经常涉及意识障碍(DOC)。从既往经验来看,长期无意识或意识障碍的患者的康复后恢复的希望很小,因此在相当一部分病例中,医生都会决定放弃维持生命的疗法,从而导致患者死亡。

而这一做法又会反过来导致TBI患者的不良预后。因此,明确TBI合并意识障碍的患者相关初始或进一步治疗的方案十分重要。最近,发表在《美国医学会神经病学》(JAMA Neurology)上的研究对此进行了解答。

该研究为一项前瞻性、纵向队列试验,分析了在创伤性脑损伤模型系统国家数据库进行登记的TBI患者。该数据库1989年1月4日至2019年6月19日31年期间,共有23个住院康复中心参与其中,涵盖所有进入住院康复的中度或重度TBI幸存者,并量化意识丧失、恢复相关因素。

主要对急诊室内格拉斯哥昏迷量表(GCS)、残疾评定量表(DRS)、创伤后失忆和功能独立(PAFIM)情况进行测量。共分析了17470名TBI患者,中位年龄为39(25-56)岁。其中,7547人(57%)经历了最初的DOC,2058名患者DOC情况(12%)持续到出院。

分析显示,与没有DOC的患者相比,持续DOC的患者往往更年轻、有颅内肿块效应、脑室内出血和皮层下挫伤、更长的急性护理时间。82%(n = 1674)的昏迷患者在住院期间恢复了意识。

在多变量分析中,没有脑室内出血和颅内占位效应可以分别降低32%、24%出现DOC的可能。2013年有DOC的患者中有803人(40%)最终完全或部分恢复意识。其中,年龄较轻、男性、无脑室内出血、颅内肿块效应和皮质下挫伤与较好的功能结果相关。同时,研究结果在30年的数据中是一致的。

本研究发现,大多数TBI患者最初会发生DOC,但大多数持续存在DOC的患者在康复期间恢复了意识。这种恢复轨迹可以为急性和康复治疗决策提供参考,并提示在考虑对TBI和DOC患者撤销生命支持或停止护理时应谨慎。

 

参考文献:

Kowalski RG, et al . Recovery of Consciousness and Functional Outcome in Moderate and Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. JAMA Neurol. 2021 Mar 1. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2021.0084.

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    2021-11-14 yinhl1978
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    2021-03-20 wgx307
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    2021-03-18 旺医

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