Lancet:杜绝可预防性死产!

2016-01-19 Mechront 译 MedSci原创

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题为“杜绝可预防性死胎”一系列的五篇论文涉及来自43个国家的超过100个组织的216名专家。“死产”是指胎儿死于孕晚期或妊娠28周以后,有一半的死产发生在分娩过程中。新生儿行动计划目标是到2030年死产率降低到12/1000或更低。虽然有98%的死产发生在低收入和中等收入国家(LMICs),不过在高收入国家(HICs),死产依旧是不可忽视的问题。

共同第一作者Joy Lawn教授和他的同事们发现,从2000到2015年,全球死胎率已经从24.7/1000下降到18.4/1000,相当于减少了2%的年增长率。即使许多国家已经达到了目标,但贫富差距依旧很大,许多非洲国家至少需要增加一倍的进展。

死产率下降最大的是在荷兰,自2000年来,每年下降6.8%,这得益于良好的产前保健和照顾,分娩后广泛的围产期计划以及孕前和孕期对女性身体健康的关注。

在低中收入国家,柬埔寨死产率已经下降了3.6%,孟加拉国下降了3.4%,卢旺达下降了2.9%。

与大家常规的观念不一致的是,仅仅只有7.4%的死产是由于胎儿先天性异常导致,更多的死产原因与疾病相关。包括产妇感染如疟疾(8%)和梅毒(7.7%)。约10%的病例与非传染性疾病、营养和生活方式有关。有6.7%的死产母亲年龄超过35岁。子痫前期及子痫导致4.7%的死产,而14%的死产与过期妊娠有关。

在撒哈拉以南的非洲国家,尤其是那些面临冲突和突发事件的国家,死胎率居高不下,进展缓慢。在尼日利亚死产率是42.9/1000,自2000年以来,每年下降1.3/1000。如果一直这样下去,这些区域的死产率估计要等160年之后才能达到目前高收入国家的情况。

即使在高收入国家,一个社会经济弱势的妇女死产风险是富人的双倍。高收入国家有20-30%的死产归因于不合格的护理。欧洲或澳大利亚的南亚和非洲裔妇女死产率比白人高2-3倍。教育、贫困和卫生保健等均是造成差异的原因。研究人员呼吁对高收入国家的死产原因进行系统分类研究,以及帮助女性在正常体重时妊娠。

中低收入国家谈论死亡在文化中是禁忌,而死者的胎儿还没有被认为是一个人,母亲往往在公共场合抑制悲伤和私人且单独的处理着自己的情绪。死产后这些家长也不太可能与孩子接触,几乎没有机会看到或摸到孩子。在高收入国家,大约50%的父母会感到压力而不去谈论他们的死产婴儿,因为死产会让人感到不舒服。

死产后1年,有60-70%的悲痛母亲出现过临床上显著的抑郁症状,50%的人经历过这些症状至少4年。

死产需要大量的直接的、间接的女性、家庭、政府和社会的心理和社会成本。研究者呼吁与悲痛者更大程度的共鸣,卫生工作者需要更好地了解父母和家庭的需要,以及他们需要的时候。社区需要承认悲伤和失落,不去诋毁死产母亲。雇主应提供有效的休假安排,而政府应提供切实的支持,如葬礼费用和工作承诺的薪休假等。

目前已取得的重要里程有计划生育领域的工作,产前保健,分娩和出生时的照顾,支持照顾,减少羞辱和改进的监测和研究等。要杜绝可预防性死产的发生。

原始出处:

Hannah Blencowe et al, Ending Preventable Stillbirth Series,The Lancet, 18 January 18 2016.

Rate of 2.6 million stillbirths a year is 'too high'

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    2016-12-19 howi
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    2016-01-27 李继凯

    ↖(^ω^)↗

    0

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    2016-01-27 李继凯

    努力

    0

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    2016-01-24 1de3b290m83(暂无匿称)

    一起努力

    0

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