Cell:首次证实麻风杆菌将神经细胞重编程为干细胞样细胞

2013-02-17 Medical Xpress Medical Xpress

麻风杆菌(Mycobacterium leprae)已折磨人类上百年了,但是这并不意味着人们已经揭示它的所有秘密。在小鼠体内开展的一项新研究提示着这种能够让人毁容的致病菌利用一种生物诡计来施加伤害:它将某些神经细胞重编程为干细胞样细胞,并利用它们侵入身体的肌肉和中枢系统之中。这是科学家们首次观察到细菌以这种方式对细胞进行重编程。专家们说,这些研究发现可能导致人们开发出新的疗法来治疗麻疯病和其他的神

麻风杆菌(Mycobacterium leprae)已折磨人类上百年了,但是这并不意味着人们已经揭示它的所有秘密。在小鼠体内开展的一项新研究提示着这种能够让人毁容的致病菌利用一种生物诡计来施加伤害:它将某些神经细胞重编程为干细胞样细胞,并利用它们侵入身体的肌肉和中枢系统之中。这是科学家们首次观察到细菌以这种方式对细胞进行重编程。专家们说,这些研究发现可能导致人们开发出新的疗法来治疗麻疯病和其他的神经退化性疾病。相关研究结果于2013年1月17日发表在Cell期刊上,论文标题为"Reprogramming Adult Schwann Cells to Stem Cell-like Cells by Leprosy Bacilli Promotes Dissemination of Infection"。

在全世界,每年有20多万人被确诊为患上麻疯病(也被称作汉森病)。人们已知道它是由麻风杆菌(Mycobacterium leprae)导致的,而且也知道它会导致患病者的手和脚发生畸形病变和严重性地丧失知觉。但是他们并不知道这种感染是如何在全身扩散的,也不知道它为何会如此广泛地导致神经受损。这部分上是因为它很难研究:导致麻风病的这种细菌很难在实验室中进行培养,因此科学们只能在被感染的人们、犰狳和经过基因改造的小鼠体内研究它。

为了解决这些长期存在的问题,来自英国爱丁堡大学的生物学家Anura Rambukkana和他的同事们发现了这种疾病的另一个细节:它偏好感染施旺细胞(Schwann cell),其中这种细胞是包被神经和协助传递神经系统信号的特化细胞。研究人员从小鼠体内分离出施旺细胞,并利用麻风杆菌感染它们。

他们很快就吃惊地发现这种细菌能够转化这种细胞,即它们关闭在成熟施旺细胞中表达的基因,并开启与细胞发育早期阶段相关联的基因。这些细胞变成未成熟的类似于在骨髓和其他组织中发现的某种类型干细胞的细胞,从而能够变成骨细胞和肌细胞。

当研究人员把这些发生变化的细胞再次移植到小鼠体内时,其中的一些细胞迁移到肌肉组织,并且把这种细菌扩散到它们到达的任何地方。这些研究结果提示着麻风杆菌劫持施旺细胞,破坏它们隔离和维持神经系统的能力,因此它能够使用这些细胞侵入体内的其他组织。

Rambukkana希望未来的研究将有助于更多地揭示麻风杆菌如何转化施旺细胞。他说,理解这种过程将可能有助于医生们在更早的阶段诊断麻风病,从而可能尽早地阻止它。"它也能有助于我们找到新的方法来产生用于治疗的干细胞,因此我们能够治疗其他的神经退化性疾病",如多发性硬化症。

来自德国爱尔兰根-纽伦堡大学的发育神经生物学家Michael Wegner(未参与这项研究)说,也存在值得告诫的地方。他注意到,这项研究并没有证实麻风杆菌以同样的方式选择施旺细胞。不过,在这项使用先进方法的吸引人的研究中,它确实提供一种看似合理的机制。

DOI:10.1016/j.cell.2012.12.014
PMC:
PMID:

Reprogramming Adult Schwann Cells to Stem Cell-like Cells by Leprosy Bacilli Promotes Dissemination of Infection

Toshihiro Masaki1, 2, 4, Jinrong Qu4, Justyna Cholewa-Waclaw1, 2, Karen Burr2, Ryan Raaum4, Anura Rambukkana1, 2, 3, 4, ,

Differentiated cells possess a remarkable genomic plasticity that can be manipulated to reverse or change developmental commitments. Here, we show that the leprosy bacterium hijacks this property to reprogram adult Schwann cells, its preferred host niche, to a stage of progenitor/stem-like cells (pSLC) of mesenchymal trait by downregulating Schwann cell lineage/differentiation-associated genes and upregulating genes mostly of mesoderm development. Reprogramming accompanies epigenetic changes and renders infected cells highly plastic, migratory, and immunomodulatory. We provide evidence that acquisition of these properties by pSLC promotes bacterial spread by two distinct mechanisms: direct differentiation to mesenchymal tissues, including skeletal and smooth muscles, and formation of granuloma-like structures and subsequent release of bacteria-laden macrophages. These findings support a model of host cell reprogramming in which a bacterial pathogen uses the plasticity of its cellular niche for promoting dissemination of infection and provide an unexpected link between cellular reprogramming and host-pathogen interaction.


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