Cell:五大衰老研究经典综述

2015-01-12 生物通 生物通

衰老过程毫无疑问,一直以来都是科学界的一大魅力主题。近十年来衰老研究进入了分子和细胞生物学领域,其在代谢过程中的作用越来越受到重视。Cell杂志特收集了具有里程碑意义的多篇衰老综述,为大家打开思路。 衰老的标志(The Hallmarks of Aging) 这篇文章与The Hallmarks of Cancer结构上看起来很相似,也是同属于本领域的经典综述。 衰老

衰老过程毫无疑问,一直以来都是科学界的一大魅力主题。近十年来衰老研究进入了分子和细胞生物学领域,其在代谢过程中的作用越来越受到重视。Cell杂志特收集了具有里程碑意义的多篇衰老综述,为大家打开思路。

衰老的标志(The Hallmarks of Aging

这篇文章与The Hallmarks of Cancer结构上看起来很相似,也是同属于本领域的经典综述。

衰老的特征是生理完整的渐进性丧失,进而导致功能受损和易死性增加。这种退化是人类主要的疾病的一级风险因子(如肿瘤、糖尿病、心血管疾病和神经退行性疾病等)。在过去数十年里衰老研究取得了空前发展,尤其是通过遗传学途径和生物化学过程的日益进步,至少在一定程度上控制住了衰老率。

这一综述列举了不同生物体(尤其是哺乳动物)的9大衰老特征:基因组不稳定性(genomic instability),端粒缩短(telomere attrition),表观遗传学改变(epigenetic alterations),蛋白内稳态丧失(loss of proteostasis),营养感应失调(deregulated nutrient sensing),线粒体功能异常(mitochondrial dysfunction),细胞衰老(cellular senescence),干细胞耗竭(stem cell exhaustion)和细胞间信息交换改变(altered intercellular communication)。面临的一个重要的挑战是剖析这些候选特征的关联性以及他们对衰老的贡献度,最终寻找药物作用靶标而改善人类健康。

自噬与衰老(Autophagy and Aging

细胞自噬(autophagy)是继细胞凋亡(apoptosis)后,生命科学领域的又一热门研究方向,文献数量在近年来呈爆炸式增长,其中2006年以前相关文献大约1500条。

在细胞自噬研究中,与衰老的关系是一大重点,目前不少实验室聚焦于细胞水平和分子水平自噬系统变化与衰老进程的相关性研究。在这篇题为“Autophagy and Aging”的综述中,Kroemer博士等人探讨了紊乱细胞自噬与衰老之间的可能成因,以及重要关联,并分析了细胞自噬的抗衰老作用的分子机制。

细胞自噬的典型特征是形成自噬体并呈递给溶酶体,这一过程在蛋白质和细胞器质量控制中起基础作用并维持了细胞能量的稳态。最新研究表明,自噬与细胞衰老密切相关,参与蛋白酶和自噬相关调节的BAG蛋白家族中BAG3/BAG1比值在复制性衰老时增高,且BAG3在细胞衰老时能介导自噬的激活。研究还发现在Ras诱导的细胞衰老进程中亦可观察到较高的自噬活性。

线粒体、氧化剂与衰老(Mitochondria, Oxidants, and Aging

衰老的自由基理论认为细胞内激活的活性氧种类是决定寿命的主要因素。许多培养细胞、无脊椎动物和哺乳动物模型证明了这个存在长达半个世纪的假说。这篇综述则回顾了支持或反对这一自由基理论的成果,并分析了线粒体代谢、氧化剂形成和衰老生物学之间日益加强的联系。

衰老细胞、肿瘤抑制与有机衰老:好公民,坏邻居(Senescent Cells, Tumor Suppression, and Organismal Aging: Good Citizens, Bad Neighbors

来自可再生组织的细胞能在面对各种胁迫压力的时候永恒退出细胞周期,这些压力包括功能失调性染色体端粒,DNA损伤,强有丝分裂信号和染色质中断。这种称为细胞衰老cellular senescence的反应,受到p53和RB 抑癌蛋白控制,构成了重要的抗癌机制。

尽管如此,衰老细胞仍然会出现与衰老,某些衰老有关的疾病相关的表型变化,因此,衰老反应可能能通过癌症发生来促进早期生命存活,但是最终还是会随着失调性衰老细胞积累影响寿命。

了解传奇的衰老科学(Understanding the Odd Science of Aging

从进化的角度来看,衰老不是由于活跃的基因编程引发的,而是由于体细胞修复受限,导致损伤积聚导致的。

一些生态因素,如危险率和营养供应等影响生长、繁殖和体细胞生存之间的取舍,这也就解释了为什么物种进化出不同的生命周期,以及为什么衰老速度有时会改变,比如说通过改变饮食。

要了解衰老的细胞和分子基础,就需要首先分析引发损伤积累的多因素,以及保持损伤限度的复杂系统运作。


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  1. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1868990, encodeId=a2321868990ac, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fd764459a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cell#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=17, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4459, encryptionId=fd764459a8, topicName=Cell)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=524d95, createdName=zhaozhouchifen, createdTime=Thu Oct 15 20:28:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1959241, encodeId=25e61959241b6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dbe6445416' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CEL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4454, encryptionId=dbe6445416, topicName=CEL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ff68, createdName=维他命, createdTime=Tue Mar 17 02:28:00 CST 2015, time=2015-03-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=14521, encodeId=66b914521f5, content=其实临床上有很多疾病与衰老研究有关。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=116, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d2d2103784, createdName=chen111111, createdTime=Mon Jan 19 16:02:00 CST 2015, time=2015-01-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=14020, encodeId=7b5d140207b, content=good, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=98, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=MedSci客户端朋友, createdTime=Mon Jan 12 12:42:00 CST 2015, time=2015-01-12, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1868990, encodeId=a2321868990ac, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fd764459a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cell#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=17, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4459, encryptionId=fd764459a8, topicName=Cell)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=524d95, createdName=zhaozhouchifen, createdTime=Thu Oct 15 20:28:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1959241, encodeId=25e61959241b6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dbe6445416' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CEL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4454, encryptionId=dbe6445416, topicName=CEL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ff68, createdName=维他命, createdTime=Tue Mar 17 02:28:00 CST 2015, time=2015-03-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=14521, encodeId=66b914521f5, content=其实临床上有很多疾病与衰老研究有关。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=116, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d2d2103784, createdName=chen111111, createdTime=Mon Jan 19 16:02:00 CST 2015, time=2015-01-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=14020, encodeId=7b5d140207b, content=good, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=98, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=MedSci客户端朋友, createdTime=Mon Jan 12 12:42:00 CST 2015, time=2015-01-12, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-03-17 维他命
  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1868990, encodeId=a2321868990ac, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fd764459a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cell#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=17, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4459, encryptionId=fd764459a8, topicName=Cell)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=524d95, createdName=zhaozhouchifen, createdTime=Thu Oct 15 20:28:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1959241, encodeId=25e61959241b6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dbe6445416' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CEL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4454, encryptionId=dbe6445416, topicName=CEL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ff68, createdName=维他命, createdTime=Tue Mar 17 02:28:00 CST 2015, time=2015-03-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=14521, encodeId=66b914521f5, content=其实临床上有很多疾病与衰老研究有关。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=116, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d2d2103784, createdName=chen111111, createdTime=Mon Jan 19 16:02:00 CST 2015, time=2015-01-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=14020, encodeId=7b5d140207b, content=good, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=98, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=MedSci客户端朋友, createdTime=Mon Jan 12 12:42:00 CST 2015, time=2015-01-12, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-01-19 chen111111

    其实临床上有很多疾病与衰老研究有关。

    0

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    2015-01-12 MedSci客户端朋友

    good

    0