中科院-汤森路透《2014研究前沿》之生物科学篇

2014-11-03 生物谷 生物谷

10月27日,中科院文献情报中心与汤森路透旗下的知识产权与科技事业部联合举办《2014研究前沿》报告发布暨科学家论坛,共同发布《2014研究前沿》报告,遴选出2014年排名最靠前的100个热点研究前沿和44个新兴研究前沿。 《2014研究前沿》涉及自然科学和社会科学的10大学科领域。现公布生物科学篇如下。 生物科学 1. 热点前沿 1.1生物科学Top 10研究前沿发展态势 1.2

10月27日,中科院文献情报中心与汤森路透旗下的知识产权与科技事业部联合举办《2014研究前沿》报告发布暨科学家论坛,共同发布《2014研究前沿》报告,遴选出2014年排名最靠前的100个热点研究前沿和44个新兴研究前沿。

《2014研究前沿》涉及自然科学和社会科学的10大学科领域。现公布生物科学篇如下。

生物科学

1. 热点前沿

1.1生物科学Top 10研究前沿发展态势

1.2 重点热点前沿 ——“利用全基因组关联方法研究人类疾病”

全基因组关联分析(Genome Wide Association Study,GWAS)是一种高通量分析分子标记与表型间关联关系的方法,主要利用遍布于整个基因组的分子标记(主要是SNP)与统计学工具对影响复杂性状的遗传变异进行鉴定和分析。GWAS目前主要应用于多基因控制的人类疾病等复杂性状的分析,并已鉴定出大量相关的遗传变异,成为研究人类基因组学的关键手段。该研究前沿的论文主要是从遗传统计学角度探讨和研究GWAS方法、相关分析工具及软件,旨在实现低成本、高效率检测更多与身高、智力、疾病等复杂性状相关的新SNP,同时解决GWAS分析过程中出现的“遗传性缺失”(missing heritability)等问题。

1.2.1国家和机构的活跃状况分析

澳大利亚和美国在这一重点热点前沿中表现最为活跃,是核心论文的主要产出国家。在13篇核心论文中(表18),澳大利亚和美国各有9篇,占核心论文总量的69.2%。在核心论文量排名前五的机构中,澳大利亚的机构占据3个,分别为昆士兰医学研究所、墨尔本大学和澳大利亚初级产业部,相应的核心论文数量占比分别为69.2%、53.8%和46.2%。美国的哈佛大学和圣路易斯华盛顿大学进入前五排名,核心论文数量占比分别为46.2%和38.5%。

1.2.2 作者的活跃状况分析

在热点前沿排名前5位的核心论文通讯作者中,澳大利亚、美国和英国的研究人员分别有4位和3位研究人员位列其中(表19)。Visscher,P教授是该前沿领域中较有影响力的研究人员,共拥有4篇核心论文,3篇通讯机构为昆士兰医学研究所,1篇通讯机构为爱丁堡大学;其中被引频次为539次的核心论文于2010年发表在《Nature Genetics》上,证实了“遗传性缺失”现象是由因果突变和SNP基因分型之间的不完全连锁所引起的。这篇论文在该前沿13篇核心论文中影响力列第2位。

美国国家人类基因组研究所的Manolio,T是该前沿最有影响的通讯作者,他2009年发表在NATURE上的一篇综述论文被引频次超过1712次。该综述文章主要分析了GWAS中“遗传性缺失”现象的可能来源,并提出相关的研究策略以阐明复杂疾病的遗传机理,从而提高GWAS在有效预防或治疗疾病中的潜力。

1.2.3国家和机构的发展状况分析

对热点前沿施引论文的国家和机构进行分析(表20),可以看出,施引论文数量排名第一的国家为美国,施引论文数量为1262篇;位居其后的依次为英国、德国、澳大利亚和荷兰。在施引论文量排名前10的机构中,美国有6个,英国为2个,澳大利亚为1个。对热点前沿核心论文和施引论文产出结果的综合分析表明,美国和澳大利亚非常重视“全基因组

2. 新兴前沿 ——“CRISPR/Cas基因组编辑技术”

近两年兴起的基因组定点编辑新技术——CRISPR/Cas系统,是一种基于细菌获得性免疫系统改造而成的全新人工核酸酶。其原理与先前的ZFNs及TALENs等基因组编辑技术一样,在DNA靶位点产生DNA双链断裂,通过控制DNA修复途径实现对基因组的定点编辑。由于该系统具有操作简单、效率高、成本低、可同时沉默任意数量的基因等优点,因而被认为是一种非常具有潜力的技术,目前已被成功应用于多个动植物物种的功能研究中。

关联分析在人类疾病等复杂性状研究中的应用”这一前沿领域,持续有研究成果,其中美国哈佛大学和华盛顿大学西雅图校区是该领域具有重要影响力的机构。英国、德国和荷兰等欧洲国家的研究人员近年来开始涉足和积极跟进该热点前沿的研究,其中英国牛津大学、爱丁堡大学和伦敦国王学院近几年表现突出,已成为该研究领域内的后起之秀。

2013年以来,CRISPR/Cas技术的研究异常活跃,相关研究论文数量超过50篇,并被美国《科学》杂志评选为2013年度的十大科学突破之一。目前,研究人员正在对CRISPR技术中的Cas9蛋白进行优化、改造或寻找其他更好的Cas蛋白,以设法解决该技术脱靶、错配等问题。

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    2015-01-18 gous
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    2014-11-27 jawel

    可以借鉴下

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2041668, encodeId=0c0b20416689a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3fe169415f8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#生物科学#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=69415, encryptionId=3fe169415f8, topicName=生物科学)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=21015, createdName=heli0118, createdTime=Tue Jan 06 21:38:00 CST 2015, time=2015-01-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1862506, encodeId=da8318625068c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a121223385b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#中科院#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=22338, encryptionId=a121223385b, topicName=中科院)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7a9987, createdName=gous, createdTime=Sun Jan 18 17:38:00 CST 2015, time=2015-01-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2058715, encodeId=47822058e15d3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f50ce33693b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#研究前沿#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=73369, encryptionId=f50ce33693b, topicName=研究前沿)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=cb3a261, createdName=liuxiaona, createdTime=Sun Aug 30 18:38:00 CST 2015, time=2015-08-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=12781, encodeId=b46f12e81ed, content=可以借鉴下, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=109, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7ceOChkqicg6SzjqymjoEtLx55A9HNpmV1quNDdicpmTPZp1WXCq35u64iaCjRhibmrEPN5JHdvOZt9Ajj4MxzLbJ9/0, createdBy=ddf3111026, createdName=jawel, createdTime=Thu Nov 27 21:57:00 CST 2014, time=2014-11-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1544330, encodeId=35481544330ac, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a29a6438e5c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#汤森路透#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=64387, encryptionId=a29a6438e5c, topicName=汤森路透)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=387e13658673, createdName=1249894fm77暂无昵称, createdTime=Wed Nov 05 02:38:00 CST 2014, time=2014-11-05, status=1, ipAttribution=)]