JNS:脑室内替加环素治疗鲍曼不动杆菌感染

2017-09-28 杨中华 脑血管病及重症文献导读

鲍曼不动杆菌感染占医院内中枢神经系统感染的3.6-11.2%;多重耐药(MDR)或极度药物抵抗(XDR)的菌株感染者预后极差,死亡率高达71%。当前治疗方案主要为脑室内和静脉给予粘菌素,但是不应该忽视粘菌素的神经毒性作用(高达21.7%)。此外,目前有耐粘菌素不动杆菌的报道,危害很大。据报道,替加环素对不动杆菌有很好的作用,与许多抗生素有协同作用。并且毒性小,特别是神经系统毒性。不幸的是,替加

鲍曼不动杆菌感染占医院内中枢神经系统感染的3.6-11.2%;多重耐药(MDR)或极度药物抵抗(XDR)的菌株感染者预后极差,死亡率高达71%。当前治疗方案主要为脑室内和静脉给予粘菌素,但是不应该忽视粘菌素的神经毒性作用(高达21.7%)。此外,目前有耐粘菌素不动杆菌的报道,危害很大。据报道,替加环素对不动杆菌有很好的作用,与许多抗生素有协同作用。并且毒性小,特别是神经系统毒性。不幸的是,替加环素中枢神经系统的穿透力较差;因此,不推荐静脉输注替加环素治疗不动杆菌性脑膜炎。这些数据提示可以考虑脑室内给予替加环素治疗XDR细菌脑膜脊炎;但是,仅一项研究报道了这种给药方法,并且未说明详细治疗过程。

2017年8月来自意大利的Liverana Lauretti等在Journal of Neurosurgery上报道了一例脑室内给予替加环素成功治疗耐粘菌素不动杆菌脑膜炎的病例。

22岁,男性,住院行经蝶内镜鼻内切除肿瘤。围手术期静脉给予头孢唑林2g和甲硝唑500mg预防感染。手术中,未发生脑脊液漏。手术后4天出院,并给予激素替代治疗。

2周后因为头痛和脑脊液鼻漏入院。头CT显示颅内积气。为了治疗脑脊液漏,先后进行了3次经蝶手术,治疗成功。住院过程中诊断为脑膜炎,CSF培养为泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌(EUCAST标准),替加环素MIC为2ug/ml(下表)。血培养阴性。开始静脉给予替加环素100mg每天2次,同时静脉给予美罗培南2g每天3次和万古霉素1g每天2次。



尽管CSF漏口被封闭,但是脑脊液培养不动杆菌持续阳性。随后,放置脑室外引流管,并每天脑室内给予2mg替加环素(超说明书)(用盐水稀释成1ml,缓慢注入脑室内,夹闭脑室引流管2h后开放),患者耐受较好。继续静脉输注替加环素,停用万古霉素和美罗培南。患者病情暂时好转,脑室内给药10天时细菌接种量增加,再次出现发热和寒战。此时,脑室内替加环素的剂量增加到2mg每天2次(4mg/d),同时脑室内给予粘菌素(6万U每天2次共2天,随后增加到12万U每天两次),静脉给予美罗培南2g每天3次。经过治疗,症状改善。

2周后,神经系统状态再次恶化,不伴发热,脑脊液未见化学性改变(without fever or chemical CSF changes)。患者神志朦胧,双侧视力丧失,下肢无力;随后嗜睡,伴脊髓炎的症状和体征,比如截瘫、双侧上肢无力、T7水平以下感觉丧失以及尿潴留。脑和脊髓MRI显示脑室炎和脊髓炎,作者认为临床体征加重和影像学改变是粘菌素的神经毒性作用所致(下图A为脊髓T2影像为脊髓炎和C为T1增强显示软脑膜和脑室内增强,箭头所示):



立即停用脑室内替加环素和粘菌素(脑室内给予替加环素45天时),继续静脉输注替加环素和美罗培南,增加地塞米松12mg/d。随后,脊髓炎症状改善,但是脑膜炎症状复发。考虑到脑室内给予粘菌素的神经毒性作用,作者决定重启脑室内单药替加环素治疗,4mg/d。几天后脑膜炎症状消失,脑脊液不动杆菌接种量逐渐降低,直到无菌。重启脑室内替加环素1个月后,以及脑脊液培养持续阴性1周后,拔除引流管,停止抗生素治疗,转康复医院。

1年随访,患者临床状态良好,无CSF感染征象。能够利用手杖行走,双上肢力量正常。间断需要导尿。出院3个月复查MRI显示炎症消失(下图B和D):



译者注:1.国内没有粘菌素,临床遇到不动杆菌感染可以考虑脑室内给予替加环素(超药品适应症)。2.脑室内粘菌素的常见神经毒性包括化学性脑室炎,化学性脑膜炎和痫性发作等。

原文出处:
 
Lauretti L, D'Alessandris QG, Fantoni M,et al.First reported case of intraventricular tigecycline for meningitis from extremely drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii.J Neurosurg. 2017 Aug;127(2):370-373. doi: 10.3171/2016.6.

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    2018-03-20 yyj062
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    2017-09-30 tastas
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    2017-09-28 明崖

    不错的研究

    0

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