瞄准癌细胞的芯片:麻省总医院和强生合作将其商业化

2014-03-07 苏珊·杨(Susan Young) 科技评论

在不远的将来,肿瘤学家也许可以用手指大小、带有微小管道的塑料芯片从病人的血液中提取十几个癌细胞。这些细胞是循环肿瘤细胞,可以在被提取后接受筛选,找到让肿瘤学家能够选择最佳标靶药物的遗传变异。持续地采样可以让医生检测某种治疗方法是否有效,并让他们决定是否随着疾病的进化,添加或替换某种药物。 有数十家公司正在这个市场中竞争。据估计,这一市场在未来几年会达到 79 亿美元。强生

在不远的将来,肿瘤学家也许可以用手指大小、带有微小管道的塑料芯片从病人的血液中提取十几个癌细胞。这些细胞是循环肿瘤细胞,可以在被提取后接受筛选,找到让肿瘤学家能够选择最佳标靶药物的遗传变异。持续地采样可以让医生检测某种治疗方法是否有效,并让他们决定是否随着疾病的进化,添加或替换某种药物。



有数十家公司正在这个市场中竞争。据估计,这一市场在未来几年会达到 79 亿美元。强生(Johnson & Johnson)下属公司销售的一种设备获得了美国食品药品监管局的许可。但是麻省总医院癌症中心(Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center)的主任丹尼尔·哈伯(Daniel Haber)表示,它不能探测到低浓度的肿瘤细胞。而且今天的设备还不能捕捉从不同功能种类肿瘤中逃逸出的细胞的完整多样性。

哈伯正和生物医学工程师梅米特·托纳(Mehmet Toner)及他在麻省总医院的团队合作,研发能提取任何漂浮在血液中的肿瘤细胞并让其存活以备病理学家进行基因组学和分子检测的芯片。他们的研究结果很有价值,因为制药公司正越来越依靠特定的分子标靶开发癌症药物。癌症基因组学公司Foundation Medicine表示,在经分析的肿瘤中,多达70%带有能提示疗法的基因印记。

尽管长期以来科学结合医学界已经知道癌细胞通过血管扩散,但是一直无法捕捉到循环的肿瘤细胞。“循环癌细胞很少,存在于1亿个其他种类的细胞中,”托纳说。“微流体技术给我们精确操作血液并观察其中细胞的机会。”

病人体内的一部分循环肿瘤细胞被认为是癌症转移的原因。“最后,这些细胞中的一部分会杀死病人,”托纳说。“在监控癌症基因型和早期诊断方面,实时在病人体内发现这些细胞有着重要应用。”

这项技术让医生可以随着时间监控癌症。“现在,在病人被诊断出癌症以后,我们通常不会再次对他们进行活体检查,”哈伯说。哈伯现在正在实验用这项技术检测肺癌中的遗传突变并匹配突变和疗法。随着癌症生长并扩散到全身,它会发生变化,癌细胞中会出现不同的遗传突变。

强生公司正和麻省总医院合作,将新的芯片开发为商业化的产品。

“我们认为癌症治疗的方向是监测疾病的分子随时间变化的能力,”强生下属杨森(Janssen)制药分公司肿瘤生物标志项目负责人尼古拉斯·德拉科波利(Nicholas Dracopoli)说。

麻省总医院的设备和其他正在研发中的设备可以分离出数目极少的癌细胞,剔除比循环癌细胞多出数百万倍的红细胞和白细胞。所有癌细胞都会被置于适于生存的液体中,在那里它们会被一个个提取和研究。

这一技术的其他版本(包括强生现在正在销售的设备)可以从物理表面上捕捉细胞,通常这是通过包裹可以识别某些(而非全部)癌细胞的细胞膜表面蛋白的抗体做到的。

捕捉循环肿瘤细胞的设备除了具有改进癌症疗法的潜力之外,还能帮助生物学家解开癌症致死扩散之谜。“关于癌症转移和扩散的问题从来没有真正得到解答,因为我们没有研究工具,”哈伯说。“这是第一次你可以看到转移中的细胞。”

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    2014-03-09 yxch36
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    2014-03-09 lixiaol
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    2014-03-09 yeaweam

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