NCC:做到这几点,我国近半数癌症死亡可预防!

2021-03-04 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

癌症已经成为我国的主要死因。

中国是世界上人口最多的国家,自20世纪50年代以来,我国在促进健康方面取得了广泛的进展。中国人口生活方式、年龄结构和生活条件的变化导致疾病负担从传染病转移到非传染性疾病。目前,癌症已经成为我国的主要死因。

根据中国国家癌症中心登记处(NCCR)的数据,2015年约有233.8万人死于癌症。同时,癌症的负担预计将继续增加。在过去的30年里,癌症相关危险因素的患病率发生了巨大的变化,这导致了我国癌症谱包括上消化道癌症的减少和与西式生活方式相关的结肠直肠癌、前列腺癌和乳腺癌的增加。

近日,来自中国医学科学院、北京协和医科大学国家癌症中心的专家对中国癌症负担趋势、癌症相关危险因素和预防策略进行了综述。结果显示,总的来说,我国的癌症负担持续增长。但是,45%的癌症死亡危险因素可以通过包括生活方式、环境及慢性疾病等进行干预。

癌症发病率、死亡率及生存率

根据第二次和第三次全国死亡率回顾性调查的数据,以及国家癌症研究中心的癌症登记报告显示,2000年至2011年,年龄标准化癌症发病率有所上升,女性显著上升,男性呈稳定趋势。观察到肝、胃和食道癌年龄标准化发病率呈显著下降趋势,但结肠直肠癌年龄标准化发病率均呈显著上升趋势。

在过去的20年里,癌症死亡率从1990-1992年的108.3/10万上升到2015年的170.1/10万,而年龄标准化死亡率从94.4/10万下降到77.9/10万。这些相反的变化表明癌症死亡率的上升主要归因于人口老龄化。过去几十年,胃癌、食道癌和肝癌的粗死亡率或年龄标准化死亡率显著下降。结肠直肠癌、乳腺癌和胰腺癌死亡率的上升也表明了癌症类型的转变。

同样,导致死亡人数最多的前3种癌症,也从1990年的肝癌、胃癌和肺癌变为2015年的肺癌、肝癌和胃癌。与此同时,所有合并癌症的年龄标准化5年相对生存率从30.9%上升至40.5%。除胰腺癌外,常见癌症的5年生存率普遍提高。癌症存活率的提高可归因于许多因素,包括治疗方法的改进、筛查率的提高和健康保险的扩大。

癌症危险因素之——吸烟

总得来说,癌症死亡可改变的危险因素可包括吸烟、身体活动、饮食、饮酒、肥胖、糖尿病、传染性疾病及环境因素(空气污染)等,上述因素导致了45%的癌症死亡。其中,吸烟是中国癌症死亡的主要原因。

烟草烟雾中致癌物质催化DNA加合物的形成,随后导致体细胞突变的积累。自从20世纪50年代烟草被确定为与肺癌有关的致癌物以来,已经有大量证据表明,吸烟会增加15种以上癌症的风险。

国际癌症研究机构(IARC)也认为被动吸烟会致癌。中国的吸烟者人数最多,消费了世界上40%以上的烟草。在中国,据估计,2014年吸烟导致23.8%的男性癌症死亡和4.8%的女性癌症死亡。在这些死亡中,10.2%的女性肺癌死亡和1.4%的男性肺癌死亡归因于被动吸烟。

根据GBD的研究结果,从1990年到2017年,吸烟一直是中国癌症死亡的主要原因。吸烟导致的癌症死亡增加了150%以上。在中国各省,吸烟导致的癌症负担在男性中从15%到27%不等,在女性中从2%到15%不等,这与吸烟流行的地理差异相当。

癌症的预防

与癌症筛查和治疗相比,一级预防应该是抑制癌症负担增长的最具成本效益的方法。一级预防是针对癌症已知的病因或危险因素,采取有效和适宜的干预措施。就上述癌症危险因素而言,包括戒烟、戒酒、保持健康体重、均衡饮食、预防及消灭致癌病原体感染以及限制接触环境致癌物,都将有助于降低癌症发病风险。

癌症的二级预防主要是通过筛查发现癌症。除了对乳腺癌、宫颈癌和结直肠癌进行筛查之外,中国还对高负担癌症(包括胃癌、食道癌、肺癌、肝癌和鼻咽癌)实施筛查计划。尽管这些筛查项目都取得了良好的结果,但目前的筛查项目仍然不足以减轻中国的癌症负担。为此,癌症预防和治疗的实施计划(2019-22)呼吁制定早期检测指南,以规范上消化道、宫颈癌和结直肠癌的筛查。

综上,癌症可变风险因素的变化,特别是饮食、肥胖、糖尿病和空气污染,导致了中国的癌症转变。肺癌成为癌症相关死亡的首要原因,主要与烟草使用密切相关。中国癌症负担减轻需要政府、公共卫生组织和个人的共同努力,不仅预防可改变的风险因素,同时进行全人群筛查,最终改善癌症治疗结果。

 

参考文献:

Sun D,et al. Cancer burden in China: trends, risk factors and prevention. Cancer Biol Med. 2020 Nov 15;17(4):879-895. doi: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0387.

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    2021-06-28 ms8000001570377993

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    2021-03-04 Lizhihua6

    学习了

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=977537, encodeId=33209e7537d7, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=4d535447612, createdName=ms8000001570377993, createdTime=Mon Jun 28 11:04:05 CST 2021, time=2021-06-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2045371, encodeId=607220453e146, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7e4de13990f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#癌症死亡#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=71399, encryptionId=7e4de13990f, topicName=癌症死亡)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6f7770, createdName=jeanqiuqiu, createdTime=Fri Aug 27 23:39:27 CST 2021, time=2021-08-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=945556, encodeId=9cd09455564f, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201120/58e01f5adcbf4aae90dfc25bd03c739f/1aca8d53476d43fca347e4819bda61f4.jpg, createdBy=b2d85436799, createdName=Lizhihua6, createdTime=Thu Mar 04 22:26:55 CST 2021, time=2021-03-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=945493, encodeId=f5e394549358, content=不健康的生活方式是癌症最重要原因之一。而这些又往往是促进消费和经济增长的重要手段。怎样平衡是一门艺术。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210703/9c448fe1b3b54fd7bc9477662f4861bb/4bdadad22bfd46f2921aabb4c40265d3.jpg, createdBy=a8d81938466, createdName=weigq, createdTime=Thu Mar 04 16:41:36 CST 2021, time=2021-03-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=945474, encodeId=d8c59454e421, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=23e3454e353' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#学习#</a>学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=45473, encryptionId=23e3454e353, topicName=学习)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/DYAIOgq83epicrf8Jo0vHmJj5YnIfNUnJ0AhN9UZfk3iad9xs7QIx5H2YVLmrXOfribfyBcP1uXMickPiazY150fIOg/132, createdBy=2dea5320454, createdName=哈哈258, createdTime=Thu Mar 04 15:39:05 CST 2021, time=2021-03-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=945473, encodeId=1efa9454e31e, content=好文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Thu Mar 04 15:36:09 CST 2021, time=2021-03-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=945416, encodeId=758c945416cc, content=筛查有必要, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=84f85464656, createdName=ms2000000050996988, createdTime=Thu Mar 04 13:10:36 CST 2021, time=2021-03-04, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-03-04 weigq

    不健康的生活方式是癌症最重要原因之一。而这些又往往是促进消费和经济增长的重要手段。怎样平衡是一门艺术。

    0

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    2021-03-04 哈哈258

    #学习#学习了

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=977537, encodeId=33209e7537d7, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=4d535447612, createdName=ms8000001570377993, createdTime=Mon Jun 28 11:04:05 CST 2021, time=2021-06-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2045371, encodeId=607220453e146, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7e4de13990f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#癌症死亡#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=71399, encryptionId=7e4de13990f, topicName=癌症死亡)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6f7770, createdName=jeanqiuqiu, createdTime=Fri Aug 27 23:39:27 CST 2021, time=2021-08-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=945556, encodeId=9cd09455564f, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201120/58e01f5adcbf4aae90dfc25bd03c739f/1aca8d53476d43fca347e4819bda61f4.jpg, createdBy=b2d85436799, createdName=Lizhihua6, createdTime=Thu Mar 04 22:26:55 CST 2021, time=2021-03-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=945493, encodeId=f5e394549358, content=不健康的生活方式是癌症最重要原因之一。而这些又往往是促进消费和经济增长的重要手段。怎样平衡是一门艺术。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210703/9c448fe1b3b54fd7bc9477662f4861bb/4bdadad22bfd46f2921aabb4c40265d3.jpg, createdBy=a8d81938466, createdName=weigq, createdTime=Thu Mar 04 16:41:36 CST 2021, time=2021-03-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=945474, encodeId=d8c59454e421, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=23e3454e353' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#学习#</a>学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=45473, encryptionId=23e3454e353, topicName=学习)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/DYAIOgq83epicrf8Jo0vHmJj5YnIfNUnJ0AhN9UZfk3iad9xs7QIx5H2YVLmrXOfribfyBcP1uXMickPiazY150fIOg/132, createdBy=2dea5320454, createdName=哈哈258, createdTime=Thu Mar 04 15:39:05 CST 2021, time=2021-03-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=945473, encodeId=1efa9454e31e, content=好文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Thu Mar 04 15:36:09 CST 2021, time=2021-03-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=945416, encodeId=758c945416cc, content=筛查有必要, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=84f85464656, createdName=ms2000000050996988, createdTime=Thu Mar 04 13:10:36 CST 2021, time=2021-03-04, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-03-04 jyzxjiangqin

    好文章

    0

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    2021-03-04 ms2000000050996988

    筛查有必要

    0