脓性分泌物,细菌培养竟然阴性!

2018-07-03 王浩 检验医学网

临床上,我们经常会取伤口分泌物进行分泌物培养,特别是我们骨科,创伤的病人较多,特别是开放性损伤的伤口,术后经常遇见伤口感染、渗液,甚至是出现脓性分泌物。这时候,分泌物培养及药敏结果将对我们的抗感染治疗有着极其重要的指导作用。以往我在临床工作中遇到伤口感染的病例,只是知道这样的病人要取分泌物培养,然后机械的去取分泌物,等待药敏结果回报后更改抗感染治疗方案。直到遇到一例小腿感染的病人,整个治疗过程引发


作者:湖北省枣阳市第一人民医院  王浩

临床上,我们经常会取伤口分泌物进行分泌物培养,特别是我们骨科,创伤的病人较多,特别是开放性损伤的伤口,术后经常遇见伤口感染、渗液,甚至是出现脓性分泌物。这时候,分泌物培养及药敏结果将对我们的抗感染治疗有着极其重要的指导作用。以往我在临床工作中遇到伤口感染的病例,只是知道这样的病人要取分泌物培养,然后机械的去取分泌物,等待药敏结果回报后更改抗感染治疗方案。直到遇到一例小腿感染的病人,整个治疗过程引发了我很多的思考。

患者女性,33岁,因“右小腿红肿、疼痛6天”入院,查体:右小腿中下段红肿,以内侧为甚,内侧局部可触及波动感,局部皮肤温度增高,右下肢血运可。入院后行MRI检查提示:右胫腓骨中下段软组织感染。后行脓肿切开引流,术中见有约20ml黄色脓液流出,取脓性分泌物送培养+药敏。然后常规与患者沟通:“你这软组织感染严重,都是黄色脓性分泌物,考虑金葡菌感染可能性大,暂时按经验用药,等我们分泌物培养结果回来后,再根据药敏调整用药。”其实当时心中蛮确定患者应该就是金葡菌感染,等了三天,分泌物培养+药敏结果回报如下:

当时心中是有很大的疑惑,然后跟病人解释:“虽然结果是阴性的,但感染是肯定的,不然就不会流脓了,下次换药再取一个分泌物看看。”私下里跟科室老师请教,科室老师指导说:“脓性分泌物里面都是坏死的东西,是培养不到细菌的,下次取分泌物取点带血的。”换药的时候再次取分泌物,特意在周围组织上刮蹭,取到带血的分泌物送培养,心里想:这次应该肯定能培养出细菌了吧。又焦急的等待了三天,分泌物结果终于又回报了:

What?还是阴性?这下我有些接受不了这个结果了,立马浏览相关医学网站,查找相关知识,对标本采集相关知识总结如下:

01

首先要明确脓性标本(分泌物或穿刺液)是否为细菌感染引起,也依赖于感染的程度和性质,而不是可疑的病原体。这可结合标本直接涂片染色镜检来看标本中是否存在细菌。创伤标本如果没有炎性细胞可能说明采集了表皮正常菌群,与疾病过程无关,应重新采集;

02

对大多数开放性伤口,采集前应进行处理,除去表面定植菌群;

03

标本中的脓细胞可能是白细胞吞噬掉细菌后中毒而死亡的尸体,细菌被白细胞吞噬后,白细胞及死亡后的尸体释放出某些抑菌物质,抑制了细菌的进一步繁殖;

04

深部脓液内本来是厌氧菌生长,用常规有氧条件培养,细菌不会生长;

05

标本中可能存在苛养菌或慢生长菌,但受接种的培养基、培养环境和培养时间等因素的影响,可能导致脓标本培养不出细菌;

06

患者使用了抗菌药物,体内残余抗菌药物抑制了细菌生长;

07

标本采集、保存及送检过程方法不当也可能导致培养不出细菌。闭合脓肿应取渗出物和脓肿壁标本,不能用拭子采集标本,防止标本干燥及标本中可能存在的厌氧菌死亡。开放病灶和脓肿:尽量去除表面菌落,用拭子在病灶活动区域或基底部采取标本,置于需氧培养基中或运送培养基中送检。也可对渗出液做需氧培养,开放病灶不能做厌氧培养;

08

在采集标本时,应注意无菌操作,以防止带入与感染无关的皮肤定植菌;

09

应尽可能在使用抗菌药物前采集标本,若患者在采集标本前已使用抗菌药物,应在检验申请单上注明应用的抗菌药物,并在下次使用抗菌药物前采取标本;

10

标本采集后应在室温2小时内送至微生物室接种处理,若不能及时送检,需氧培养的标本除对环境敏感的淋球菌、脑膜炎双球菌和流感嗜血杆菌等标本外,可保存在4℃冰箱中,但保存时间不超过24小时。

通过查找资料学习,也大概解开了我心中的疑惑。虽然分泌物培养结果一直为阴性,但患者经过切口引流换药及抗感染治疗后,感染也控制住了,切口无脓性分泌物,接近愈合,转回当地医院继续抗感染治疗了。

还有一个病人,男性,17岁,因“左足红肿、疼痛1周”入院,查体:左足红肿压痛明显,局部皮肤温度升高,未及明显波动感,左足踇趾背侧可见约0.5cm*1cm大小窦道,伤口内有分泌物渗出,左足活动受限,患肢末梢血运可。入院后取伤口分泌物送培养,经验性使用抗菌药物,盼望着盼望着,分泌物培养+药敏结果回报了:

心中万分激动,立即准备调整抗菌治疗方案,打开工作站,根据药物试验原则,优选A组敏感药物,苯唑西林无药,头孢西丁无库存;那好吧,再来看看B组敏感药物吧,利福平无库存,四环素已经淘汰了,利奈唑胺没有,替加环素没有,万古霉素特殊级抗生素,最后考虑;看着这样的结果,心里一万只羊驼在奔腾,没办法了,只能考虑C组了,左氧氟沙星、阿米卡星、庆大霉素这些药倒是都有。这个分泌物培养结果虽然是阳性的,但A组、B组的药除了万古霉素竟然没有一种敏感的药物可用,看着这样的结果我们临床医生也只能苦笑了。

所以希望微生物室的老师也能与我们药剂科的老师沟通下,培养的药敏结果尽量能包含我们临床上能开具出的抗菌药物,这样对我们临床医生的治疗才有真正的帮助。

通过以上两个病例,可以看出我们部分临床医生对微生物意识相对薄弱,希望微生物室老师能经常下临床进行宣教,定期讲解一些微生物知识,特别是标本留取的注意事项,争取不放过任何一个病原菌,让患者在最短的时间内得到最有效的治疗。临床与医技科室、医技科室之间也要加强沟通,交流经验,并肩作战,最终达到为病人驱除病魔的目的!

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    2018-08-10 gwc392
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    2018-07-04 张新亮1853311252142e2fm

    好文献学习了

    0

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    2018-07-03 惠映实验室

    学习了.谢谢分享.

    0

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目的:针对支气管扩张患者和没有肺疾病的受试者,分析他们的黏液性和化脓性呼吸道分泌物的情况。 方法:在咳嗽模拟器中,他们评估粘液纤毛传送功能在支气管扩张症中的作用,共收集了32个黏液性标本和19个化脓性标本以及没有肺疾病受试者的21个标本。 结果:化脓性标本和黏液性标本粘液纤毛传送功能较没有肺疾病患者的标本低。在咳嗽模拟器中化脓性标本相比粘液性标本和没有肺疾病患者的标本更不容易移动,粘液