把细菌改造为微型机器人,在磁场导航下精准递送药物,用于癌症治疗

2022-07-19 生物世界 生物世界

细菌会被化学梯度所吸引,例如低氧水平或高酸度环境,而这两种情况普遍存在于肿瘤组织附近。在肿瘤组织附近注射细菌来治疗癌症被称为细菌介导的肿瘤治疗。细菌会向肿瘤组织中富集,并在肿瘤组织中生长,从而激活患者

细菌会被化学梯度所吸引,例如低氧水平或高酸度环境,而这两种情况普遍存在于肿瘤组织附近。在肿瘤组织附近注射细菌来治疗癌症被称为细菌介导的肿瘤治疗。细菌会向肿瘤组织中富集,并在肿瘤组织中生长,从而激活患者的免疫系统来对抗肿瘤。

早在100多年前的20世纪末,美国外科医生威廉·科利(William Coley)就发现了细菌感染能够导致肿瘤消退,并利用灭活细菌来对抗恶性肿瘤,这也是人类最初的癌症免疫治疗。

大肠杆菌是一类能够快速游动的多功能细菌,可以在从液体到高粘性组织的各种材料中导航,而且它们还具有高度灵敏的传感能力。在过去的几十年里,科学家们一直在寻找进一步提高大肠杆菌能力的方法,希望通过为它们配备额外的成分来帮助它们与癌细胞战斗。

近日,德国马克斯·普朗克智能系统研究所(MPI-IS)的研究人员在 Science 子刊 Science Advances 发表了题为:Magnetically steerable bacterial microrobots moving in 3D biological matrices for stimuli-responsive cargo delivery 的研究论文。

该研究将机器人技术与生物学相结合,为大肠杆菌装配人工组件,构建出能够构建携带药物分子的可运动的生物融合微型机器人,可在磁场引导下在 3D 生物材料中导航并将抗癌药物靶向递送到肿瘤中。 

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该研究的通讯作者 Metin Sitti 博士表示,具有医疗功能的基于细菌的生物融合微型机器人,有朝一日可以更有效地对抗癌症,这代表了与我们现在癌症治疗方式不远的新方法,医用微型机器人在寻找和破坏肿瘤细胞方面的效果可能是巨大的。这项研究也是基础科研造福社会的一个好例子。

生物融合微型机器人,是将活体微生物(例如细菌或藻类)与人工组件(例如纳米载体)结合在一起,构成一种具有内在推进、传感和靶向机制的自功能微型机器。在不同类型的微型机器人中,细菌驱动的生物融合微型机器人脱颖而出,成为医疗微型机器人应用的理想候选者。

然而,在实际操作中,向细菌中添加人工成分并非易事,这涉及了复杂的化学反应,用于设计生物融合微型机器人的大多数技术也可能对细菌本身产生不良影响,还可能会干扰细菌移动或改变其蛋白表达。目前的细菌生物融合设计缺乏高通量和易于构建的人工组分,因此构建的细菌融合微型机器人在推进、有效载荷、组织穿透和时空操作方面往往表现不佳。

在这项最新研究中,研究团队首先将纳米脂质体(Nanoliposome)连接到大肠杆菌上,纳米脂质体中已经封装了水溶性化疗药物阿霉素(DOX)。这些纳米脂质体的磷脂双分子层中还嵌入了吲哚菁绿(ICG),ICG 是一种医用荧光燃料,会在近红外光照射下熔化。因此,这是一种具有光热活性的脂质体质粒,在吸收近红外光(NIR)后,嵌入在纳米脂质体的磷脂双分子层中的 ICG 会熔化并导致脂质体结构变化和脂质体内装载的治疗药物的释放。

研究团队还将磁性纳米颗粒(氧化铁纳米颗粒)附着在细菌上,在磁场作用下,这些氧化铁纳米颗粒能够控制并助推大肠杆菌的运动。这些纳米脂质体和磁性纳米颗粒均使用难以被破坏的链霉亲和素(Streptavidin)和生物素(Biotin)复合物与细菌链接。 

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接下来,研究团队在体外实验中证实了这种细菌生物融合微型机器人能够被磁场精确导航并向肿瘤体释放化疗药物。

接下来,研究团队进一步在粘性胶原凝胶(类似于肿瘤组织)中进行测试,实验结果显示,在磁场作用下,这些细菌生物融合微型机器人能够穿越不同硬度和孔隙度的胶原凝胶。这表明这些细菌生物融合微型机器人可以在磁场引导下在受限和多孔的生物微环境中穿透和移动。 

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一旦这些微型机器人在肿瘤体上聚集,就使用近红外光(NIR)照射,从而触发纳米脂质体的熔化过程并释放其携带的化疗药物。肿瘤附近低 pH 值的酸性环境本身也会导致纳米脂质体破裂,因此药物会自动在肿瘤附近释放。

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试想一下,讲这种基于细菌的微型机器人注射到癌症患者体内,在磁场引导下,可以讲这些微型机器人导航到肿瘤,一旦有了足够多的微型机器人环绕着肿瘤,就可以启动近红外光照射,触发化疗药物的释放。这不仅可以唤醒免疫系统,还通过释放化疗药物帮助摧毁肿瘤。这种递送方式对患者来说是微创、无痛、毒性最小的,而且药物将在肿瘤中发挥作用,避免了对身体其他部位的伤害。

总的来说,这项最新研究开发的细菌生物融合微型机器人,其性能优于之前报道的基于大肠杆菌的微型机器人,保留了大肠杆菌本身的运动能力,还表现出在磁场引导下通生物材料中导航和定植到肿瘤的能力,然后能够根据需要释放所负载的抗癌药物。

总体而言,这里介绍的细菌生物杂交设计为多功能医疗微型机器人提供了一个系统的、高通量的平台,可以克服生物障碍并进行刺激响应的主动释放治疗药物。

论文链接:

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abo6163

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    2022-07-21 xue8602
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    2022-07-19 zwddoctor

    将机器人技术与生物学相结合,为大肠杆菌装配人工组件,构建出能够构建携带药物分子的可运动的生物融合微型机器人,可在磁场引导下在 3D 生物材料中导航并将抗癌药物靶向递送到肿瘤中。

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