Heart:放疗时不可忽视的放疗相关心脏瓣膜病-综述

2016-05-31 Mechront 译 MedSci原创

恶性肿瘤是威胁人类健康的重要疾病,随着现代科技进步,肿瘤患者的治愈率及生存率明显提高,除了外科手术及化疗外,放疗也发挥着主要作用。但放疗杀灭肿瘤细胞的同时,也对机体的心肝脾肺肾等重要器官造成一定的损害。胸部放疗后包括心包、心肌、心脏瓣膜以及冠状动脉等均存在损伤的风险。放疗导致的心脏瓣膜病变,包括纤维化、回缩增粗和钙化,进而导致瓣膜关闭不全或狭窄。然而,因为心脏瓣膜无血管,故放射性瓣膜病并不属于

恶性肿瘤是威胁人类健康的重要疾病,随着现代科技进步,肿瘤患者的治愈率及生存率明显提高,除了外科手术及化疗外,放疗也发挥着主要作用。但放疗杀灭肿瘤细胞的同时,也对机体的心肝脾肺肾等重要器官造成一定的损害。胸部放疗后包括心包、心肌、心脏瓣膜以及冠状动脉等均存在损伤的风险。

放疗导致的心脏瓣膜病变,包括纤维化、回缩增粗和钙化,进而导致瓣膜关闭不全或狭窄。然而,因为心脏瓣膜无血管,故放射性瓣膜病并不属于微脉管系统损伤的范畴。研究表明 , 左侧瓣膜较右侧瓣膜更易受损,二尖瓣和主动脉瓣受累最常见。但其机制尚不明确。

下面就放疗导致的心脏瓣膜病变进行综述。

1-发病率

不同研究显示的发病率数据差异较大。

霍奇金淋巴瘤纵隔放疗后瓣膜病发生率2%~37%。

乳腺癌放疗乳腺癌放疗0.5%~4.2%;左侧乳腺癌放疗与右侧乳腺癌放疗相比,瓣膜病风险更大(IRR=1.54, 95% CI 1.11 to 2.13, p=0.009)。

2-危险因素


霍奇金淋巴霍奇金淋巴照射剂量为30 Gy、31~35 Gy、36~40 Gy、40 Gy时,心脏瓣膜病风险分别增加到1.4、3.1、5.4、11.8。

心脏受照射后第10年、15年、20年中重度瓣膜病发生率分别为1%、4%、6%。

目前蒽环霉素类化疗是否会增加放疗相关的心脏瓣膜病风险尚存在争议。有研究表明,纵隔放疗联用蒽环霉素化疗,瓣膜病风险增加一倍;当蒽环霉素剂量为35-200 mg/m2、200–325 mg/m2、350–880 mg/m2时,瓣膜病风险分别为1.1(0.6~2)、1.5(1.1~2.2)、3.3(1.5~7.1)。也有研究指出,蒽环霉素与瓣膜病无关。

放疗前患者本身就有瓣膜异常,那么对放疗相关心脏瓣膜病有什么影响呢?目前尚缺乏研究。

3-预测

>63%的左心房受到25 Gy的辐射,或>25%的左心室受到30 Gy的辐射,主动脉或二尖瓣疾病的发生风险OR=5.7和4.4。

全心辐射量为33 Gy时,是高风险的预测值(OR=6.4)。

无论是左心房还是左心室,30 Gy的辐射剂量是个坎,随着体积百分比的增加,瓣膜病风险的增加(斯皮尔曼秩相关系数 0.539, p<0.001)。

4-病理生理学

放疗导致的心脏瓣膜病变组织活检结果常表现为弥漫性或局灶性小叶纤维化、回缩增粗和钙化,但没有炎症或新生血管改变。

5-诊断

随着放疗后间隔时间的延长,心脏瓣膜钙化率慢慢增加,放疗后5年和20年的钙化情况分别为39%和90%,所以通过超声心动图往往可以看到早期有瓣膜增厚、钙化等,但均不具有特异性。

此外左心瓣膜尤其是主动脉瓣最易受损。放疗后20年主动脉瓣、二尖瓣、三尖瓣和肺动脉瓣返流的发生率分别为15%、4.1%、4.1%和0%;20年后,放疗组主动脉瓣狭窄的有16%,而对照组0.5%不到。

超声心动图对放疗相关心脏瓣膜病的诊断上不仅缺乏特异性,并且不能获得医务人员想要的完整的数据,这个时候可以选择心脏磁共振,不仅可以很好的成像心脏,还能充分评估纤维化等情况。此外,还可以选择CT扫面,除外放疗后其他心脏病如冠心病、心包增厚钙化等。

6-治疗

目前关于放疗相关心脏瓣膜病还缺乏明确有效的临床指南。

有数据显示,霍奇金淋巴瘤纵隔放疗患者长达16.1年的时间里,有6.1%的患者发展为霍奇金淋巴瘤纵隔放疗患者,其中有34.6%的患者需要瓣膜手术。

7-术前危险分层

有数据显示,放疗相关心脏瓣膜病患者的常见心肺并发症有冠状动脉疾病、肺纤维化、缩窄性心包炎和传导异常等,发生率分别为 60%、57%、22%和10%。术前死亡率为12%。与死亡相关的主要预测因素包括缩窄性心包炎史、射血分数下降、体外循环时间长、围手术期呼吸衰竭导致呼吸机支持时间延长、植入永久性起搏器等。

8-手术或经皮瓣膜置换


目前还缺乏放疗相关心脏瓣膜病手术或经皮瓣膜置换治疗的明确有效的指南推荐。

9-长期预后

有数据显示,放疗相关心脏瓣膜病患者和其他心脏病患者,行心脏手术后,在随访的7.6年时间里,生存率分别为45%和72%。有49%的患者死于心肺疾病。与死亡率相关的最强预测因素为主动脉二尖瓣厚度(HR=5.75, 95% CI 1.57~21.03),当然,术前的手术危险分层因素(HR=1.11, 95% CI 1.02~1.21)也可以对死亡起到预测,但是作用没有主动脉二尖瓣厚度那么强。

10-预防

放疗相关心脏瓣膜病最根本的预防措施是减少心脏照射剂量和照射体积。有数据表明,小域介入放疗与大域介入放疗相比,25年瓣膜病绝对风险分别为0.8% (0~4.8%)和16.4% (4.7~49.85)。

临床多严格掌握放疗适应征 , 采用新的放疗技术如调强放射治疗(IMRT)和质子治疗(PT)可保护组织正常结构。

放疗相关心脏损伤不可避免 , 对其进行药物防护的研究屡见报道 , 研究发现很多药物可以对早期或迟发的放射损伤起到防护作用。如乙酮可可碱及生育酚联合应用可以明显降低受照射大鼠心脏组织 TGF-β1 mRNA 表达水平 , 从而降低心
脏组织放射性纤维化的形成;氟伐他汀能通过抑制炎性细胞浸润和胶原纤维的生成 , 减轻心脏间质水肿和纤维蛋白渗出 , 减轻放射性心脏损伤的发生和发展 ;依那普利、地尔硫唑对心肌具有明确的保护作用 ;血活素对放射性心脏损伤有
较为肯定的防治作用 ;氨溴索能抑制射线引起的心肌高表达NF-κB, 但其是否可以减轻放射性心脏损伤还有待进一步研究。

我国瑰宝中药防护研究也有报道 , 丹参、滋心阴胶囊、麝香保心丸、白花蛇舌草注射液、生脉注射液等都可有效避免放射性心脏损伤, 但其机制尚不清楚。这些研究的样本量较小 , 观察时间较短 , 长期疗效和远期不良反应有待进一步观察。

11-展望

放疗相关心脏瓣膜病在出现临床症状前将存在相当长时间的潜伏期。因此 ,早期检测及早期防护尤为重要。

此外,放射性心脏损伤涉及到两个专业性均较强的临床学科:肿瘤放射治疗学和心血管专科,同一疾病可能存在看待问题角度有所不同,药物使用,处理方式等也可能不同。这一交叉学科的问题,怎么样更好的结合还需要在临床上行进一步的沟通。

原始出处:

Dorothy M Gujral, Guy Lloyd, Sanjeev Bhattacharyya.Radiation-induced valvular heart disease.Heart 2016;102:269-276 doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2015-308765

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beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160515/IMG57380B859AD1F1019.jpg, createdBy=2c5c1621956, createdName=jasonuclear, createdTime=Wed Jun 01 00:29:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=87862, encodeId=a75d8e86211, content=精准医疗大趋势, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=136, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cache2.medsci.cn//images/medsci_toux.jpg, createdBy=7af91730839, createdName=足球疯子, createdTime=Tue May 31 20:48:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=87818, encodeId=e8c38e8185e, content=了解一下!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, 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    2016-08-29 ylzr123

    深度好文,值得学习,赞!

    0

  3. 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beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160515/IMG57380B859AD1F1019.jpg, createdBy=2c5c1621956, createdName=jasonuclear, createdTime=Wed Jun 01 00:29:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=87862, encodeId=a75d8e86211, content=精准医疗大趋势, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=136, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cache2.medsci.cn//images/medsci_toux.jpg, createdBy=7af91730839, createdName=足球疯子, createdTime=Tue May 31 20:48:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=87818, encodeId=e8c38e8185e, content=了解一下!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=110, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Tue May 31 15:18:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-31, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-06-02 zhaojie88
  6. 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createdName=ylzr123, createdTime=Mon Aug 29 07:48:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1715922, encodeId=762a1e1592212, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2c375156e5f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#心脏瓣膜#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=51567, encryptionId=2c375156e5f, topicName=心脏瓣膜)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=3b6d32099965, createdName=jianjun77, createdTime=Mon Jan 30 02:04:00 CST 2017, time=2017-01-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1316066, encodeId=ba8d1316066d0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2c7b515e02e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#心脏瓣膜病#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=51570, encryptionId=2c7b515e02e, topicName=心脏瓣膜病)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1c77441, createdName=weiz, createdTime=Thu Jun 02 04:04:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1356074, encodeId=16f213560e447, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b0702e84b9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ART#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=2784, encryptionId=b0702e84b9, topicName=ART)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, createdName=zhaojie88, createdTime=Thu Jun 02 04:04:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1562366, encodeId=e0581562366d0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f69d864413' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#HEART#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=24, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=8644, encryptionId=f69d864413, topicName=HEART)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=80d715270048, createdName=slcumt, createdTime=Thu Jun 02 04:04:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1583478, encodeId=177715834e866, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=508d68e698c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#瓣膜#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=22, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=68769, encryptionId=508d68e698c, topicName=瓣膜)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=58dc16986228, createdName=12498e5fm17(暂无昵称), createdTime=Thu Jun 02 04:04:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=87939, encodeId=da628e9399c, content=赞\(≧▽≦)/, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160515/IMG57380B859AD1F1019.jpg, createdBy=2c5c1621956, createdName=jasonuclear, createdTime=Wed Jun 01 00:29:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=87862, encodeId=a75d8e86211, content=精准医疗大趋势, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=136, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cache2.medsci.cn//images/medsci_toux.jpg, createdBy=7af91730839, createdName=足球疯子, createdTime=Tue May 31 20:48:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=87818, encodeId=e8c38e8185e, content=了解一下!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=110, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Tue May 31 15:18:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-31, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-06-02 slcumt
  7. 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beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160515/IMG57380B859AD1F1019.jpg, createdBy=2c5c1621956, createdName=jasonuclear, createdTime=Wed Jun 01 00:29:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=87862, encodeId=a75d8e86211, content=精准医疗大趋势, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=136, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cache2.medsci.cn//images/medsci_toux.jpg, createdBy=7af91730839, createdName=足球疯子, createdTime=Tue May 31 20:48:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=87818, encodeId=e8c38e8185e, content=了解一下!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=110, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Tue May 31 15:18:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-31, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  8. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=138058, encodeId=13b613805844, content=拜读,好文, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzdAIB7UwTkHt6fQkBP8ictliaXtc5gCUmYdAW1sAETC2nhO3q6YjRHkUibyOCtP8ibmXNObTyd63A076/0, createdBy=d4111948983, createdName=1e10c84am36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Fri Sep 30 14:36:45 CST 2016, time=2016-09-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=106592, encodeId=653d106592ec, content=深度好文,值得学习,赞!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7s7ZCKOmmbBTD6nE7gcd5OZpvyGEzkxBP3S275k5ZJVrsPkotZhBglRHM9rKvcj1OgkssqhcnoPw8zIaMZTF8c/0, createdBy=4c441942088, 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level=null, likeNumber=24, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=8644, encryptionId=f69d864413, topicName=HEART)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=80d715270048, createdName=slcumt, createdTime=Thu Jun 02 04:04:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1583478, encodeId=177715834e866, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=508d68e698c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#瓣膜#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=22, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=68769, encryptionId=508d68e698c, topicName=瓣膜)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=58dc16986228, createdName=12498e5fm17(暂无昵称), createdTime=Thu Jun 02 04:04:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=87939, encodeId=da628e9399c, content=赞\(≧▽≦)/, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160515/IMG57380B859AD1F1019.jpg, createdBy=2c5c1621956, createdName=jasonuclear, createdTime=Wed Jun 01 00:29:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=87862, encodeId=a75d8e86211, content=精准医疗大趋势, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=136, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cache2.medsci.cn//images/medsci_toux.jpg, createdBy=7af91730839, createdName=足球疯子, createdTime=Tue May 31 20:48:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=87818, encodeId=e8c38e8185e, content=了解一下!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=110, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Tue May 31 15:18:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-31, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-06-01 jasonuclear

    赞\(≧▽≦)/

    0

  9. 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beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160515/IMG57380B859AD1F1019.jpg, createdBy=2c5c1621956, createdName=jasonuclear, createdTime=Wed Jun 01 00:29:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=87862, encodeId=a75d8e86211, content=精准医疗大趋势, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=136, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cache2.medsci.cn//images/medsci_toux.jpg, createdBy=7af91730839, createdName=足球疯子, createdTime=Tue May 31 20:48:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=87818, encodeId=e8c38e8185e, content=了解一下!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, 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    2016-05-31 足球疯子

    精准医疗大趋势

    0

  10. 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    2016-05-31 1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称)

    了解一下!

    0

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