肿瘤防治宣传周:肿瘤药物治疗面临选择困境

2012-04-20 卢秀玲 健康报

       当肿瘤来袭,患者和医生面临很多选择,而作出正确的选择往往很难。采访中,一位专家告诉记者,当前肿瘤患者及医生所面临的选择困境,与医疗政策、法律支持、社会诚信、医患关系、舆论引导等外界环境息息相关。    困境一    医保政策与医患期望差距大    张先生的母亲因为Ⅱ期非小细胞肺癌刚刚接受左肺叶切除

       当肿瘤来袭,患者和医生面临很多选择,而作出正确的选择往往很难。采访中,一位专家告诉记者,当前肿瘤患者及医生所面临的选择困境,与医疗政策、法律支持、社会诚信、医患关系、舆论引导等外界环境息息相关。 

  困境一 

  医保政策与医患期望差距大 

  张先生的母亲因为Ⅱ期非小细胞肺癌刚刚接受左肺叶切除术,几天后要开始后续辅助治疗,常规化疗药物对身体损伤大,口服靶向治疗药物疗效好且见效快,但张先生却难以作出决定。 

  如果使用进入医保的国产化疗药物,整个化疗只需花费1万余元,而名为易瑞沙的进口靶向药物则需全部自费,每天一片,每片550元。对于在北京打工的张先生而言,这无异于天文数字。“既然是救命的药物,为什么进不了医保?”张先生忍不住这样想。 

  在采访中,不论临床一线医生或是癌症患者,类似于“肿瘤药物更新快,而医保‘跟不上趟儿’”的抱怨不绝于耳。首都医科大学肺癌诊疗中心主任、北京宣武医院胸外科主任支修益更是直言,医保政策应与医学发展快速接轨。 

  “以非小细胞肺癌患者为例,目前大量临床研究已证实,易瑞沙、特罗凯和埃克替尼等酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(TKI)分子靶向治疗药物,对于有表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)基因突变的非小细胞肺癌患者而言,完全可以帮助这类人群实现高质量的‘带瘤生存’。虽然其中很多药物已经上市很长时间,但除广州市等个别地区已将易瑞沙纳入医保报销目录,在包括北京在内的更多地区,上述靶向药物仍被排除在医保之外。” 

  在采访期间,记者翻阅了《北京市基本医疗保险、工伤保险和生育保险药品目录(2010版)》,其中,抗肿瘤药物共有90种,与2005年版相比增加了约10余种,但多位专家提出的疗效确切且国际相关领域推荐的药物,例如治疗肺癌的药物力比泰、治疗乳腺癌的药物贺赛汀、治疗胃癌的紫杉醇类药物等,均没有被纳入医保。相反,一些专家坦言,很多在指南中已经不被推荐的药物,或者在临床使用率并不高药物却一直“占着位置”,例如某些提高免疫力的药物。 

  在解放军总医院肿瘤内科主任焦顺昌教授看来,即便医保药物能满足一部分患者的基本需求,但对于另一部分肿瘤患者的“生存需求”也不应忽视。 

  中国科学院院士、北京协和医学院校长曾益新提出,英国等国家在评价药物报销比例方面,已经引入了卫生经济学评价体系。相关机构会对药物进行成本效益分析,而后再推荐进入医疗机构,供患者使用。这一点值得我国借鉴。 

  支修益则提出,应以肿瘤病种为单位,建立专家审评小组,让临床肿瘤专家参与医保药物的遴选,由此加快医保药品目录修订速度,满足患者需求。“靶向药物价格昂贵,但如果医保部门利用自己的谈判能力,让企业降价1/3,然后再由医保负担1/3,患者自费1/3,应该值得尝试。” 

  困境二 

  药物推荐面临信任危机 

  见到记者时,尹先生夫妇带着一个牛皮纸袋,里面装着厚厚的就医资料。在众多的病历复印件中,记者看到了化疗时夫妻俩详细记录的药物账单:“白蛋白紫杉醇每支6000元,使用12支;2012年3月13日,经过协商,每支5800元,使用24支,共计21.12万元。” 

  尹先生告诉记者,自从去年妻子在广州被查出乳腺癌并很快进行了手术治疗后,两人便辗转来到北京进行后续的化疗。最终,一家三甲综合医院肿瘤科的医生为他们推荐了白蛋白紫杉醇,说是当前治疗乳腺癌最好的药物,患者不受罪。但医院没有这药,需要外购,随后给了他们代理商的联系方式。 

  这之后,妻子按每次6支、每支6000元的价格,接受了2个周期的化疗。在这期间,尹先生因为经济压力,找到了一家公司协商,公司答应的价钱为5800元。之后的4个疗程,妻子节省了4800元药费。 

  面对记者,夫妻两人婉转表达了一个想法:“随随便便能便宜200元,您说医生推荐这个药物究竟拿了多少回扣?”

  当记者把这个问题转达给一位肿瘤学专家时,他一脸苦笑。病人的怀疑让这位从医30多年的老教授觉得寒心。“医院或者医保是否引进高效的抗肿瘤药物,不受我们的支配;而作为医务人员,该告诉患者最佳的治疗选择。”这位老教授有些激动地说,“绝大多数医务人员,都不会以谋取经济利益作为推荐药物的动机,然而如果最终治疗效果不佳,他们往往要面对患者上门吵闹的尴尬。” 

  老教授告诉记者,医患之间缺乏信任不仅反映在药物推荐上,还有患者对治疗方案正确性的怀疑、对检查项目的质疑,而这些最终只会导致医生明哲保身,其实最终损害的是患者的利益。“目前已经有循证医学证据证明,遵医嘱的肿瘤患者生存率明确增加,其原因就是治疗系统性和用药依从性有保证,而其中的基础就是医患间的信任。”对此,焦顺昌直言:“我希望尽快推动医药分开,让医生不会被疑从中牟利,一心一意为患者看病。” 

  困境三 

  使用外购药物的后顾之忧 

  医生给尹先生妻子推荐白蛋白紫杉醇,尹先生就从代理商那里买来给妻子用上,这其实就是很多肿瘤患者通常都会遇到的使用外购药。尹先生谈起了妻子每次化疗前的情景:“代理商会提前把药物交到病房护士台,同时还有药物的使用说明和质量认证单,然后护士帮忙配药、输液。” 

  记者了解到,卫生部医管司2010年修订的《医院工作制度与人员岗位职责》中“患者教育”附录明确提出,患者“住院期间不能自行邀请院外医师诊治或自行用药。原则上不外购药品,如确需外购,需事先与主管医师协商,并经管理职能部门批准”。但规定对患者在用药中出现问题如何明确责任,却没有说明。因此,现实中通常为了避责,有的医院干脆规定住院患者不许使用外购药。 

  “然而,目前在肿瘤科,只要经济能力稍好的患者,都会使用医保外的药物,其中难免一些药物连医院都没有引进,这意味着医生为患者‘违规用药’的问题普遍存在。”一位业内人士告诉记者,在这个过程中,医生其实是承担了巨大风险的。  

  “这就是伦理与法律的博弈。”焦顺昌表示,不论何种治疗,都有可能会出现不良反应,甚至危及生命。即便签署了知情同意书,一旦患者用药后出现不良反应,而药物又是患者从院外自己购入的,医生也难辞其咎。然而,如果医疗机构完全拒绝为患者使用外购药物,那么一些肿瘤患者可能将失去获得更好治疗的机会,甚至意味着希望的破灭。 

  一位专家给记者讲了一件他亲身经历的事:在一次院外会诊中,一位年轻的晚期肿瘤患者已进入生命倒计时,年迈的父亲从家乡辗转带来了一类宣称有奇效的中药制剂,请求医生给儿子用上,希望有一线生机。当时,年轻的管床大夫严守着“医院不能使用外带药物”的规定,拒绝了老人的请求,即使老人老泪纵横,跪在地上,也仍然没有松口。这位病人3天后离开人世。 

  “对于这名年轻医生的做法,我不好作出评判。我只是担忧在医疗卫生政策不明确、法律缺位、医疗环境堪忧的当下,作为医生如何能兼具人性和理性,既保证高超的医术,又保持着悲天悯人的情怀。”这位专家感叹道。  

拓展阅读:

肿瘤防治宣传周:空白的死亡教育

肿瘤防治宣传周:癌症诊疗康复信息雾里看花

肿瘤防治宣传周:晚期癌症患者的出路在哪里?

肿瘤防治宣传周:肿瘤药物治疗面临选择困境

第十八届全国肿瘤防治宣传周启动仪式

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