结核感染T细胞斑点实验早期诊断结核

2014-06-24 记者阎红整理 医学论坛网

结核病一直是人们关注的一个全球性健康问题,它是由结核杆菌感染引起的慢性传染病。据世界卫生组织统计,全球约有1/3人口受到结核分枝杆菌感染,每年约有200万人死于结核病。结核病在我国的发病率位居世界第二,且发病率呈逐年上升趋势,而部分病情隐匿或不典型病例常引起临床误诊或漏诊。 传统的结核病诊断方法多为“痰抗菌涂片”、“结核菌素试验”和“结核抗体试验”,这些方法灵敏性和特异性均较差;而“结核分枝杆菌

结核病一直是人们关注的一个全球性健康问题,它是由结核杆菌感染引起的慢性传染病。据世界卫生组织统计,全球约有1/3人口受到结核分枝杆菌感染,每年约有200万人死于结核病。结核病在我国的发病率位居世界第二,且发病率呈逐年上升趋势,而部分病情隐匿或不典型病例常引起临床误诊或漏诊。

传统的结核病诊断方法多为“痰抗菌涂片”、“结核菌素试验”和“结核抗体试验”,这些方法灵敏性和特异性均较差;而“结核分枝杆菌培养”作为诊断结核的金标准,特异性虽高但敏感性低,并且培养周期长,因此急需寻求一种快速、准确的判断人体是否感染结核杆菌的检测方法。

T细胞斑点(T-SPOT)实验的出现,为临床早期发现结核病提供了新的方法。T-SPOT实验结合了酶联免疫斑点技术(即ELISPOT技术)与γ-干扰素释放试验,通过检测受结核分枝杆菌抗原刺激而活化的效应T细胞来诊断结核感染。结核感染后体内长期存在抗原特异性T细胞,当再次遇到抗原刺激时,能迅速活化增殖,释放γ-干扰素。实验中利用ESAT6和CFP10两种结核特异性抗原刺激外周血中结核特异性T淋巴细胞分泌γ-干扰素,通过ELISPOT方法检测γ-干扰素的释放水平(即斑点的多少),从而判断机体是否感染了结核杆菌。ESAT6和CFP10均来自结核分枝杆菌基因组RD1区域,且仅结核分枝杆菌复合群存在RD1区,所有的卡介苗和大多数环境分枝杆菌均缺失该区域。因此,该检测不受卡介苗接种、环境分枝杆菌感染的影响,特异性强,是目前早期发现结核病最有效的检测手段。

该项目操作简便、检测周期短,标本采用外周血或胸、腹水,非常方便,且具有传统方法不具备的诸多优点,如:可以通过检测治疗前后斑点数的多少来进行抗痨疗效的判断,还可对肺外结核进行辅助诊断,且不受糖尿病、艾滋病等免疫力低下疾病或激素、免疫相关药物的影响,大于10个致敏T淋巴细胞就能检测出,灵敏度非常高。最重要的是,可用于儿童肺结核的辅助诊断,因为某些儿童肺结核患儿干咳不排痰,用传统方法几乎无法诊断,用T-SPOT实验即可解决该问题。目前此项检测在风湿免疫科、感染科、消化科、肿瘤科等诸多临床科室应用广泛,如检测到潜伏感染的结核杆菌将提示临床禁用或慎用免疫相关生物制剂。 

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    2015-04-05 fengcongzhilei

    才知道对儿童肺结核有这个优势

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