CSE 2014:李小英:性发育异常的基因诊断

2014-09-09 CSE2014 第十三次全国内分泌学学术会议论文汇编

在8月29日下午进行的第十三次全国内分泌学学术会议(CSE2014)“基因与性腺疾病雄激素缺乏”专题发言上,上海交通大学附属瑞金医院的李小英教授介绍了“性发育异常的基因诊断”。 性别可以分别为社会性别、表型性别、内分泌性别、性腺性别和染色体性别五个层次。正常人在以上五个层次上,保持完全一致,一旦其中任何一个层次上出现差异,既表现为性分化异常(disorder of sex develop

在8月29日下午进行的第十三次全国内分泌学学术会议(CSE2014)“基因与性腺疾病雄激素缺乏”专题发言上,上海交通大学附属瑞金医院的李小英教授介绍了“性发育异常基因诊断”。

性别可以分别为社会性别、表型性别、内分泌性别、性腺性别和染色体性别五个层次。正常人在以上五个层次上,保持完全一致,一旦其中任何一个层次上出现差异,既表现为性分化异常(disorder of sex development,DSD)。

性分化有两个法则,一是染色体决定性腺分化;二是内分泌,或者说激素决定生殖器分化。长久以来,人们知道,Y染色体有一种或一组基因决定睾丸的分化,称为睾丸决定因子。1990年,从46XX性反转病人,克隆了SRY基因。SRY基因只有一个外显子,编码204个氨基酸,24kD大小,具有转录因子活性,DNA结合域为A/TAACAAT/A。SRY基因在胚胎发育期只有短暂表达,而性分化在胚胎期持续相当长的一段时间,主要由SRY激活下游的SOX9基因完成。转基因研究发现,给XX雌性小鼠SOX9基因,可以观察到睾丸,甚至抗苗勒氏管激素表达。原始性腺始基只有一个,46XY核型,由于携带有SRY基因,性腺分化为睾丸;而46XX核型,由于缺少SRY基因,性腺分化为卵巢。

睾丸组织有三种重要细胞,Sertoli细胞、Leydig细胞和生精细胞;卵巢也有三种细胞,鞘膜细胞、颗粒细胞和卵母细胞。SRY基因只有在Sertoli细胞中表达,通过激活SOX9基因,开放抗苗勒氏管激素(AMH)基因表达,ANH属于TGF-β家族成员,通过与苗勒氏管细胞上的AMH受体结合,激活Smad信号分子,最终激活NF-kB和β-catenin等,促使苗勒氏管凋亡,退化。Sertoli细胞还产生抑制素(inhibin)和激活素(acivin),负反馈调节垂体的FSH分泌。Sertoli又称为支持细胞,对生精上皮细胞的分裂和发育具有重要的促进作用。Legdig细胞产生的雄激素对中肾管的发育起重要促进作用。而这种作用只能是依靠睾酮的旁分泌来完成。

性发育异常分为46,XY DSD、46,XX DSD和染色体异常DSD。46,XY DSD包括雄激素合成缺陷(CAH、LH受体缺陷、17bHSD3缺陷),雄激素作用缺陷(CAIS、PAIS),雄激素转化障碍(5a还原酶缺陷),低促性腺激素功能减退;46,XY DSD包括CAH、芳香化酶缺陷。以上这些类型DSD几乎都是由于基因缺陷所致,包括点突变、插入或缺失突变、无义突变,也可以是基因大片段缺失或拷贝数变异,还可以是基因转位,如SRY基因转位引起的46XX性反转。染色体异常DSD包括45XO的Turner综合征、47XXY的Klinefelter综合征等。基因突变的检测主要应用测序手段、基因拷贝数变异可以采用比较基因组杂交技术(CGH芯片),RT-PCR,荧光原位杂交(FISH),多重链接探针扩增技术(MLPA)。随着分子遗传学技术的发展,可以应用外显子组测序和全基因组测序对一些未知基因突变进行检测。


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    2015-04-21 仁医06
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    2014-09-11 neurowu
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