蔡晧东解读2012EASL慢性乙型肝炎指南

2012-04-10 庞琳娜 蔡晧东医生博客

作者:北京地坛医院 蔡晧东 (摘自蔡晧东医生的博客)           亚太地区乙型肝炎治疗指南(点击查看指南草案)推荐未怀孕的育龄妇女可以用干扰素治疗,但治疗期间要注意避孕。需要治疗的妊娠妇女可以用替比夫定和替诺福韦治疗。这个建议与我国和其他国家/地区的指南相似。不同的是,怀孕前的治疗中没有提到可以用核苷(酸)类药物,怀孕期间的药

作者:北京地坛医院 蔡晧东 (摘自蔡晧东医生的博客)
  
       亚太地区乙型肝炎治疗指南(点击查看指南草案)推荐未怀孕的育龄妇女可以用干扰素治疗,但治疗期间要注意避孕。需要治疗的妊娠妇女可以用替比夫定和替诺福韦治疗。这个建议与我国和其他国家/地区的指南相似。不同的是,怀孕前的治疗中没有提到可以用核苷(酸)类药物,怀孕期间的药物选择中没有拉米夫定。我认为,这条建议是有缺陷的。
  
      
我国的《2010版 慢性乙型肝炎防治指南》(点击下载指南全文)中指出:
  
       “育龄期女性慢性乙型肝炎患者,若有治疗适应症,未妊娠者可应用干扰素或核苷(酸)类药物治疗,并且在治疗期间应采取可靠措施避孕。
  
       在口服抗病毒药物治疗过程中发生妊娠的患者,若应用的是拉米夫定或其它妊娠B级药物(替比夫定或替诺福韦),在充分告知风险、权衡利弊、患者签署知情同意书的情况下,治疗可继续。
  
       妊娠中出现乙型肝炎发作者,视病情程度决定是否给予抗病毒治疗,在充分告知风险、权衡利弊,患者签署知情同意书的情况下,可以使用拉米夫定,替比夫定或替诺福韦治疗。”
  
      
最近,欧洲肝病研究学会(EASL)刚刚发布的《2012 EASL临床实践指南:慢性乙型肝炎病毒感染的管理》(点击下载指南全文)对育龄妇女及妊娠用药做了有史以来最详尽的建议。下面的内容就是我刚刚翻译的EASL最新指南中对育龄妇女治疗的建议:
  
       “育龄妇女在乙型肝炎治疗之前就应该对自己的生育做出计划。这些妇女应该了解治疗乙肝的药物在妊娠期间使用的安全性数据。
  
       普通干扰素和聚乙二醇干扰素在妊娠期间是禁忌的。拉米夫定、阿德福韦和恩替卡韦被美国FDA列为妊娠期间安全程度的C级药物,替比夫定和替诺福韦是B级药物。这些分类的根据是临床前遗传毒性的动物试验。恩替卡韦在妊娠期间的安全性尚不知道。抗逆转录药物妊娠妇女登记处收集了相当多的HIV感染女性接受替诺福韦和/或拉米夫定,或恩曲他滨治疗的安全性数据。对于HBV感染的妇女,替诺福韦应该是首选的,因为它不容易导致耐药,且有较多的安全性数据。
  
       可能要怀孕的育龄妇女,如果没有发展为慢性肝病,在生育之前谨慎选择抗病毒治疗;如果已经发展为慢性肝病或肝硬化,且将来计划怀孕,可以试用干扰素治疗,因为干扰素的疗程是有限的。在干扰素治疗期间应该采取有效的避孕措施。如果不能使用干扰素治疗或干扰素治疗失败,可以开始核苷(酸)类药物治疗,甚至在将来的妊娠期间。替诺福韦是最适合这些患者选择的药物。
  
       如果女性患者在抗病毒治疗期间意外怀孕,应当对治疗进行重新评估。妊娠期间慢性丙型肝炎的治疗指征与非妊娠妇女是相同的,慢性肝炎和肝硬化妇女肯定需要继续治疗,但是应当重新考虑治疗药物。干扰素必须停止使用,可以选择一种核苷(酸)类药物治疗。使用FDA分类为妊娠期安全程度C级的药物,尤其是阿德福韦和恩替卡韦,应当换用安全程度B级的药物。在这些B级药物中,替诺福韦是首先的,因为它的较强的抗病毒作用、较少的耐药性和较多的妊娠期安全性数据。”
  
      
结合我国《慢性乙型肝炎防治指南》和欧洲的慢性乙型肝炎治疗指南,我认为:
  
       将来有怀孕计划的未孕妇女如果肝功能正常可轻度异常(ALT<80 U/L),可以先不治疗,或者先用一些保肝降酶药物治疗。需要治疗的未孕妇女(ALT<80 U/L且HBV DNA>105拷贝/ml)可以试用干扰素治疗。但干扰素是注射制剂,不良反应较多,疗效有限,所以,不是所有人都适合或方便使用干扰素治疗,也不是所有人都能耐受干扰素的治疗,更不是所有人对干扰素治疗的反应都好。那些不能使用干扰素或干扰素治疗失败的未孕妇女应该选择核苷(酸)类药物治疗。
  
       未孕妇女核苷(酸)类药物治疗的选择欧洲推荐使用替诺福韦,但替诺福韦尚未在我国上市,这显然不适合我国。恩替卡韦和阿德福韦属于妊娠期间安全程度的C类药物,且在人类妊娠期间的安全性数据较少,不适合妊娠期间使用。替比夫定属于安全程度B级的药物。拉米夫定属于美国FDA分类的C级药物,但在美国的一次肝病会议上,美国公共卫生研究院把其归为B级,且拉米夫定在HIV感染的妇女中有比替诺福韦更多的安全性数据,我国的指南也把拉米夫定作为妊娠期间治疗的推荐药物,所以拉米夫定和替比夫定都可作为我国目前妊娠期间可以选择的药物。但拉米夫定和替比夫定容易发生耐药,如果未孕妇女使用这两种药物以妊娠前就发生了耐药,在替诺福韦未在我国上市之前,妊娠期间不就没有可选择的药物了吗?
  
       根据我这些年的临床经验,这个问题很好解决。需要治疗的未孕妇女,近期如果没有怀孕计划,我一般选择阿德福韦。因为阿德福韦与拉米夫定和替比夫定没有交叉耐药性,且在我们的临床试验中发现,阿德福韦对女性和体重低于70公斤的患者疗效较好。这样,在患者希望怀孕前,如果不能停药,可换用拉米夫定或替比夫定治疗。此时的患者在阿德福韦治疗后HBV DNA往往检测不出来或很低了,换用拉米夫定或替比夫定几乎很少发生耐药。而选择恩替卡韦治疗的女性患者在生育前换成拉米夫定或替比夫定后部分患者会很快发生耐药,这是因为恩替卡韦与拉米夫定和替比夫定有交叉耐药性。
  
       至于拉米夫定和替比夫定两者哪个更安全的问题,我和许多专家更看重其人类安全性的数据。欧洲的指南中提到:“这些分类的根据是临床前遗传毒性的动物试验。……抗逆转录药物妊娠妇女登记处收集了相当多的HIV感染女性接受替诺福韦和/或拉米夫定,或恩曲他滨治疗的安全性数据。”这说明,动物试验与在人类中的应用是有一定差距的。比如说替比夫定吧,在体外试验和动物试验中并没有观察到它对肌肉和神经的毒性,但在用到人向上后,问题就出现了。所以,从安全性上看,我认为拉米夫定比替比夫定更安全。但拉米夫定的抗病毒作用弱于替比夫定,耐药的发生也早于替比夫定,因此,如果病毒载量(HBV DNA)较高,或拉米夫定治疗效果较差的妊娠患者,应当选择替比夫定治疗。所以,我国的《慢性乙型肝炎防治指南》对妊娠妇女治疗的建议是首推拉米夫定的。当然,在替诺福韦上市以后,如果患者的经济条件许可,也可以首选选择替诺福韦治疗,可避免在妊娠前再更换药物了。选择恩替卡韦治疗的女性在生育前也可以换用没有交叉耐药性的替诺福韦治疗了。


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    2012-12-22 fengyqf
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    2012-04-12 kord1983
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1811528, encodeId=f430181152871, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0d3c88399ef' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#蔡晧东#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=88399, encryptionId=0d3c88399ef, topicName=蔡晧东)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyheQLjPSX3OUs5GmkyBlcCOwTPIeq3why9NGibxxUqYo6hcx8qZLHZFgNPnBK1yzWeOFpyg2OnWOt0/0, createdBy=fa4716, createdName=fengyqf, createdTime=Sat Dec 22 10:37:00 CST 2012, time=2012-12-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1825571, encodeId=a88518255e171, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1a942339426' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#乙型肝炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=23394, encryptionId=1a942339426, topicName=乙型肝炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ea6321, createdName=okhuali, createdTime=Sat Jul 28 04:37:00 CST 2012, time=2012-07-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1271223, encodeId=e41e12e1223fe, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3d745346316' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#慢性乙型肝炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=53463, encryptionId=3d745346316, topicName=慢性乙型肝炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/iaP1mV9qBwx5tE2F4xcG1r4x1PibWvluIFLB8VsViakqNMBia2Z0wFibVrYwDEILvHB1OomzzTAAGy5MVl5BrdEv9Bw/132, createdBy=e11f100, createdName=guguangxiang, createdTime=Thu Apr 12 14:37:00 CST 2012, time=2012-04-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1412479, encodeId=58b814124e91c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ebcd6442dc' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#EASL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=6442, encryptionId=ebcd6442dc, topicName=EASL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a0c52872504, createdName=kord1983, createdTime=Thu Apr 12 14:37:00 CST 2012, time=2012-04-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1519130, encodeId=118d151913075, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2082286e7b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ASL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=2867, encryptionId=2082286e7b, topicName=ASL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c1a311248160, createdName=lq1771, createdTime=Thu Apr 12 14:37:00 CST 2012, time=2012-04-12, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2012-04-12 lq1771