Medscape:流感疫苗可以降低心血管事件发生率

2014-04-01 xiaorong699 dxy

尽管指南推荐年龄超过6个月的所有人群都应接种流感疫苗,但美国的流感疫苗接种率依然惨淡。虽然大规模的疫苗接种在医疗资源利用和提高工作效率方面有明显的益处,但人们对流感疫苗是否可以预防心血管(CV)事件一直存在争议。 然而,新的荟萃分析发现,流感疫苗可以使成年人发生心血管事件的风险下降1/3以上,在有心血管疾病(CVD)成年人中效果更明显。这些发现对公共卫生政策指定可

尽管指南推荐年龄超过6个月的所有人群都应接种流感疫苗,但美国的流感疫苗接种率依然惨淡。虽然大规模的疫苗接种在医疗资源利用和提高工作效率方面有明显的益处,但人们对流感疫苗是否可以预防心血管(CV)事件一直存在争议。

然而,新的荟萃分析发现,流感疫苗可以使成年人发生心血管事件的风险下降1/3以上,在有心血管疾病(CVD)成年人中效果更明显。这些发现对公共卫生政策指定可能有重要的影响,也会影响流感疫苗的接种率。

流感的健康和经济负担

根据美国疾病控制和预防中心(CDC)的统计,今年的流感季(2013-2014)疫情特别严峻。流感样疾病的发生率已超出正常水平。2014年2月下旬,10%以上的呼吸道标本为流感病毒阳性。仅在CDC的数据库中,这个流感季节已经有超过4万例甲型流感确诊病例。

流感病毒可以总共导致超过300万天的住院治疗和超过3100万人就诊。流行性感冒的直接医疗费用突破100亿,流感相关的死亡会导致超过60万寿命-年损失。

流感疫苗可以节约这些人力和经济成本。如果将疫苗覆盖率从目前的水平提高到100%(还需要1.44亿疫苗),整个欧盟每年将减少超过700万流感病例。即每年减少近200万流感就诊人次,近80万住院人数。完整的疫苗接种将拯救超过68000条因流感逝去的生命,每年可直接节省医疗费用大约20亿欧元。

然而,流感疫苗的接种率明显不足。CDC简化的指南建议所有6月龄以上的人群应接种疫苗。然而,在2011-2012年流感季节中,只有56.7 %的儿童和青少年接受了流感疫苗。成人中的接种率只有令人失望的38.3%。即使是医务工作者,只有2/3的人接种了流感疫苗。

多项研究表明,流感疫苗可降低心血管事件的风险。因此,较高心血管风险的患者流感疫苗的接种率应该较高。但研究发现,高危CV患者的疫苗接种率仅为57%。此外,只有65%的患者认为自己是流感并发症的高危人群。

如果有确凿的证据证明流感疫苗不仅可以预防流感,还可以预防其他严重的疾病,例如心肌梗塞,那么病人和医生对流感疫苗的态度可能会发生变化。目前有一篇系统回顾和荟萃分析解决了这个问题。

流感疫苗预防心血管疾病的荟萃分析

研究人员收集了对比流感疫苗与安慰剂接种的临床效果的随机临床试验。 该研究纳入了2013年8月之前发表的研究以及所有临床试验。

当前研究的主要终点事件是心血管事件,包括不稳定型心绞痛,中风,心脏衰竭,心肌梗塞,紧急冠状动脉重建或心血管相关性死亡。所有这些事件发生在随访的12个月内。

共有2189篇文章和12个随机对照试验符合荟萃分析的标准。其中,有6个高质量队列,因为这些研究加了安慰剂对照组。这些研究中流感疫苗的形式有灭活疫苗肌肉注射和减毒活疫苗鼻腔接种。6个高质量的试验共有6735人,平均年龄为67岁。这些试验中有一半(51%)为女性,36%有心血管疾病史。

其他的6个试验比较了标准流感疫苗接种与其他实验形式的疫苗接种。这些实验形式的疫苗通常是一个更有效的疫苗。这些试验共包括16857人,平均年龄为72岁。在所有试验中,平均随访时间约为7个月。

在这些研究中,疫苗组和对照组心血管事件发生率分别为2.9%和4.7%.接种58个流感疫苗可以预防1个心血管事件的发生。添加未发表的流感疫苗对照试验中的数据,未能实质性地改变这一结果。

亚组分析表明在有急性冠脉综合征(ACS)病史的患者中,流感疫苗的接种能特别有效地降低心血管风险。然而,在具有稳定性冠状动脉疾病的患者中,疫苗不能显著有效地达到这一结果。

研究中大部分的死亡是由于心血管疾病。但是,流感疫苗未能降低CV或总死亡率的风险,即使是那些有急性冠脉综合征病史的患者。

证据的集合

综上所述,目前的研究表明,流感疫苗可以显著降低心血管事件的风险。但临床医生怎样才能有效地使用这些重要的数据呢?其中一个最明显的应用是可来推广疫苗的接种。

在年轻人中,父母的建议可以有效地提高疫苗接种率。以学校为基础的疫苗接种计划可能更为有效,利用减毒活疫苗可以促进群体免疫力。也符合成本效益。

其他的研究探讨了其他技术手段可以促进流感疫苗的接种率。2个关于短信可以促进青少年的流感疫苗接种率的研究,未能证实短信可以提高疫苗接种率。还有一项基于网络的研究,大学生的疫苗接种率仅增长了6.7%。

即使在医护人员中,各种推广疫苗接种的措施要么失败,要么收效甚微。

接种流感疫苗可以降低患者的心血管疾病风险。这一收益可能会如以上的推广措施一样付之东流。只有那些存在心肌梗死和中风风险的患者会认真考虑接种流感疫苗。

此外,一个有趣的研究发现,老年人易于接受那些关于流感疫苗的潜在利益的叙述描述和教学演示。他们认为那些叙述性的资料,更容易理解和可信。

因此,如果你的下一个病人不确定是否接种疫苗预防流感,你可以考虑编织一个故事还说服他。这个故事可以是包括有关心脏疾病的轶事。除了保护患者个人,这些讨论可以提高疫苗接种率,从而为社区和国家带来更大的健康收益。

临床小贴士

⑴流感病毒每年在美国造成数百万人住院,数十亿美元的医疗支出。

⑵有研究发现,只有57%的儿童和青少年,38%的成人接种流感疫苗,这是远远低于预期的疫苗覆盖率。

⑶目前来自12个研究的荟萃分析结果表明。流感疫苗与心血管事件的风险降低约36%有关。

⑷ 流感疫苗对近期有急性心血管事件史的病人更有效。

⑸流感疫苗可减少心血管风险的消息可以促进疫苗的接种率。

原始出处:

Charles P. Vega.Get a Flu Shot and Prevent a CV Event -- It's That Simple.Medscape March 24, 2014

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    2014-12-06 feather89
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    2014-09-13 smlt2008
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    2014-04-03 zhaojie88
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The Lancet:流感多为季节性且无症状者占比较大

每年流感病毒大约可造成世界各地25-50万人死亡。20世纪有三次流感大流行:1918年甲型H1N1流感造成至少2-4千万人死亡;1957年甲型H2N2造成约400万人死亡;1968年甲型H3N2流感造成约200万多人死亡。 2009年出现的新型甲型流感(H1N1)pdm09在开始流行的12个月内造成了约20万人因呼吸系统疾病死亡,83000人因心血管疾病死亡。评估流感对人群的影响,包括人群感染风

NEJM:季节性流感防控措施

近年来流感发病率急剧上升,即使是在中青年人群中也会引起危重症状甚至死亡。公共卫生部门、普通民众、患者及临床医生应及时采取有效措施以降低其危害。 【原文下载】流行病学导致目前季节性感冒流行的主要病原为甲型H1N1pdm09病毒,即曾在2009年引起流感大爆发的元凶。时至今日,其易感人群数目依然庞大,群体免疫力较低。没有监控数据显示病毒在传播过程中出现了明显的抗原漂移,因此持续较高的易感

Medscape:流感患者应何时开始抗病毒治疗?

2014年3月17日,Medscape网站刊登了美国CDC流感部内科医师Angela Campbell关于流感患者应何时开始抗病毒治疗的述评。现将主要内容编译如下。 甲流(H1N1)病毒已导致出现大多数的实验室确诊和住院流感病例。H1N1病毒自从出现后,每年都作为季节性流感病毒流行,并导致了2009年的大流行。 流感季节时,受影响最大的为老人和小孩。然而本流感季节中,大多数流感住院患者(大约6