Crenezumab还有希望造福阿尔茨海默症患者吗?

2014-12-15 原作者:Matthew Herper 新康界

罗氏(Roche)旗下基因泰克(Genentech)昨天发布了在研药物crenezumab的一个II期研究结果。这个药物旨在通过阻断一种名为β-淀粉样蛋白的累积,从而达到延缓阿尔茨海默症的效果。 罗氏(Roche)旗下基因泰克(Genentech)昨天发布了在研药物crenezumab的一个II期研究结果。这个药物旨在通过阻断一种名为β-淀粉样蛋白的累积,从而达到延缓阿尔茨海默症的效果。

罗氏(Roche)旗下基因泰克(Genentech)昨天发布了在研药物crenezumab的一个II期研究结果。这个药物旨在通过阻断一种名为β-淀粉样蛋白的累积,从而达到延缓阿尔茨海默症的效果。
罗氏(Roche)旗下基因泰克(Genentech)昨天发布了在研药物crenezumab的一个II期研究结果。这个药物旨在通过阻断一种名为β-淀粉样蛋白的累积,从而达到延缓阿尔茨海默症的效果。但和其他众多的同类药物一样,这个药物的临床研究失败,未能达到统计学意义上的收益。

不过,与之前的失败项目不同,这一次人们从研究数据中看到了一点曙光。试验结果似乎告诉我们,这个药可能会有点效果。

与安慰剂相比,接受crenezumab的受试者症状有所改善,只不过改善没有达到统计学上的显著差异。而且症状的改善在各个亚组一致。

程度最轻的患者看上去从crenezumab获益最多。这一点与礼来(Eli Lilly)公司的β淀粉样蛋白药物solezumab相同。当然,数据的一致性是大家对这个药抱有希望的原因之一。

我们有理由相信,与之前的β-淀粉样蛋白阻滞剂相比,crenezumab有更好的机会。辉瑞(Pfizer)、强生(Johnson & Johnson)和Elan公司合作开发的bapineuzumab会引发危险的脑肿胀。而由瑞士生物技术公司AC Immune发明,后授权给罗氏的crenezumab在试验中没有发现会导致脑肿胀这种副作用,所以罗氏在研究中给予患者的剂量比bapineuzumab的高50倍,而且罗氏还在设法将剂量推的更高。

但这不是说,成功几率很高。一般来说,在药物开发过程中,除非在研药物在早期阶段的研究中清晰地显示出疗效,制药公司不会将研究继续。而且,在阿尔兹海默病上,风险更大。

伯恩斯坦研究公司(Bernstein Research)的Timothy Anderson在致投资者的信中写道:“按照一般的情况,制药公司通常不会提前让在研药物进入III期阶段的研究,除非成功的概率在60-70%。这个报告中所击倒的阿尔茨海默症药物,成功的可能性可能非常低(最乐观的估计不过是25%)。那是什么会推动研究继续呢?是巨大的市场规模所带来的商业机会。如果这个药真的能够成功地延缓阿尔茨海默症的进展,那么与它相比,立普妥(Lipitor)年销售额120亿美元的巅峰值不过是个中等规模的产品。”

在我们的面前还有很长的路要走。但是,罗氏公司已经在癌症领域学会了如何对待一个创新药物,使用中期临床试验的数据来判断在研药物的潜力。如果方法正确,crenezumab的数据可能可以告诉我们是否应该继续进行更大型的研究,向着最终获批努力。

在这个研究中,低剂量组入组了184名患者,其中62名使用了安慰剂。这组研究很明确地失败了。另外一组高剂量组,有247名受试者,其中84人使用了安慰剂,163人接受了crenezumab的治疗,在这组研究中看到了希望。

这次试验的目标是患者在以下两组评测中都有所提高:阿尔茨海默病评定量表认知部分12项(ADAS-cog12)和临床痴呆评级笔盒(CDR-SOB)。经过严格的统计学分析,这两个预期目标都没有达到。

不过,罗氏集团早期临床开发医学总监Carole Ho表示,基因泰克有能力将p值小于0.2的II期研究推进下去。按照这个方法,这个研究在ADAS-Cog12上取得成功,但在CDR-SOB上是失败的。

下面我们来看一下试验结果:



可以看到,这个差异不大。安慰剂组的患者ADAS-Cog12 分值下降了10.56,而使用crenezumab的用药组下降了8.79。这只是1.78分的差异(p值仅仅为0.19,勉强达到罗氏内部的及格分)。与两个组之间的区别相比,这两个组整体上的下降明显更大。个别患者能否从这种差异中获益?

但是,如果基于研究刚开始时的简易智能量表(MMSE)将患者分成不同的子集,然后对数据重新切分,情况看起来就好了很多。MMSE得分更高的患者认知能力改善情况更好。



症状最轻的患者中,crenezumab组和安慰剂组之间的差异几乎达到一倍,p值也达到了显著差异的标准。(不要高兴得太早,统计学家不会靠着这样的分组去统计,因为如果数据足够多的话,结果就可能会变化。)

用另一种标准化测试数字符号替换测验(DSST)来看,你会看到相同的趋势,在MMSE测试中得分较高的患者同样在DSST测试中获益较大。



在另一项名为BLAZE的临床试验中,MMSE得分高的患者在ADAS-Cog12上显示出差异,但MMSE得分低的患者则没有。



看上去这真是太好了,但是这些结果揭示了阿尔茨海默症药物开发上一直存在的问题。所有这些评测方法都只是标准化测试,这意味着数据是主观结果。更糟糕的是,很难知道到底有多少患者是真的患有阿尔茨海默症,多少患者是其他形式的痴呆症。罗氏正在积极处理这些问题,包括在用药前筛选出带有特定基因的患者。当然,罗氏还需要做更多。

基于这些数据,真正的考验在于需要基于生物学证据来招募患有阿尔茨海默症的患者,可能可以在病情还很轻的时候,通过PET扫描大脑的β-淀粉样蛋白水平。然后开展一项大型的临床试验,观察是否用药后患者有获益。这个策略与礼来在solanezumab上的一样,这可能是个办法。但是仍然有很长、很长的路要走。很难知道是否能够获得投资人、患者或者科学家需要的数据。只能说这次的数据还可以,罗氏可以继续下去。

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    2014-12-17 HinsMax