选麻辣锅底还是番茄锅底?

2021-01-05 Milly MedSci原创

走!去吃火锅!

图片Pixabay

最近天气是越来越冷了,北方的汉子扛不住南方的冬天,暖身神器无非是来一顿红红火火的麻辣火锅。据了解,辣椒自明末传人中国后,起初只是观赏作物和入药。据《食物本草》中记载辣椒能温暖脾胃。如果遇寒出现呕吐、腹泻、肚子疼等症狀,可以适当吃些辣椒。

 自从进入中国菜谱之后,便掀起了一股热辣的风潮,中国最嗜辣的省份分布于长江中上游,包括湖南、湖北、江西、贵州以及四川等。有俗语称道,“四川人不怕辣,贵州人辣不怕,湖南人怕不辣,湖北人不辣怕”。

随着科学家对辣椒研究的不断深入,辣椒不仅能够作为人们日常生活中必不可少的调味品,对机体健康也有着重要的作用。近日,发表在《自然》(nature)杂志上的一项研究显示,辛辣食物会激活伤害感受神经,进而促进骨髓中的血液干细胞动员,对血细胞们进行补充,维持正常的生理功能,这一发现对干细胞移植带来积极的影响。

图片Anastasia N. Tikhonova & Iannis Aifantis.Pain-sensing neurons mobilize blood stem cells from bone marrow.nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-03577-7 

研究人员通过免疫荧光成像技术来研究小鼠骨髓中的神经细胞,发现虽然来自交感神经系统的肾上腺素纤维对造血干细胞动员具有调控作用,绝大多数(约77%)是由降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)标记的伤害感受神经元进行调控。对骨髓单位面积神经总长度进行分析显示,CGRP和抗酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)神经具有相似的长度,这表明CGRP和TH神经在骨髓中都表现出相似的作用。

图片疼痛感应神经细胞调控造血干细胞的动员情况.

图片痛觉神经元促进造血干细胞动员. 

为了研究伤害感受神经元在维持造血方面的潜在作用,研究人员通过药物和基因工程分别敲除交感神经和伤害感受神经,结果发现,这对造血干细胞的维持没有产生影响,但造血干细胞动员显著降低,这也就意味着伤害感受神经可以影响造血干细胞的黏附或迁移。

图片神经中枢的CGRP通过其同源受体CALCRL-RAMP1诱导造血干细胞动员.

随后,研究人员给小鼠使用粒细胞集落刺激因子(G-CSF)、plerixafor进行治疗后,给予CGRP可以显著增改善造血干细胞动员,而且CGRP可以直接影响造血干细胞。紧接着,研究人员通过对历经每周5次化疗的基因工程小鼠进行CGRP治疗发现,CGRP可以极大改善造血干细胞动员

 那么,辛辣食物会激活伤害感受神经,是否可以通过提高CGRP水平,改善造血干细胞动员?研究人员通过喂食富含有辣椒素的食物,来观察CGRP水平。结果发现,辛辣的食物增加了骨髓细胞外液中的CGRP水平,并改善了通过CGRP所诱导的造血干细胞动员。

 辣椒作为人生五味之一,喜欢的人乐此不疲,讨厌的人却避之不及。国内外已有诸多研究表示,食用辣椒对机体健康具有很大的益处。近期研究人员又有诸多发现,辣椒不仅能延年益寿,还能预防血管疾病。2020年美国心脏病学学会科学会议上,来自克利夫兰诊所的科学家们提交的一份报告指出,摄入辣椒可能会更加长寿,而且死于心血管疾病或癌症的风险也会大大降低。

图片https://www.abstractsonline.com/pp8/?&_ga=2.241603266.1992222014.1602856798-1601912555.1597336667#!/9144/presentation/39489

研究人员对来自5大全球健康数据库中4729项研究进行筛选,并收集了来自美国、意大利、中国和伊朗四个国家中超过57万名参与者的健康和饮食记录,对摄入红辣椒的人群的健康结局进行分析。研究结果分析发现,相比很少或从不吃红辣椒的人群而言,吃红辣椒的人群全因死亡率降低25%,癌症死亡率相对降低23%,心血管疾病死亡率相对降低26%。

图片食用辣椒降低多种疾病的相关死亡率.

研究人员表示,常摄入红辣椒竟然与人群全因死亡率、心血管疾病死亡率和癌症死亡率降低直接相关,或许这就强调了饮食因素在机体健康中扮演着非常重要的角色。然而,这项研究并不能准确地说,摄入更多红辣椒能够帮助延长寿命并降低死亡风险,尤其是心血管疾病或癌症。

 然而,紧接着发表在JACC杂志上的一项来自意大利的研究对摄入辣椒的量进行了研究,该研究共纳入了共22811名参与者,通过问卷调查采集了食用辣椒的频率,把吃辣椒频率分成了“不吃”、“每周不超过两次”、“每周2-4次”、“每周超过4次”四组,并进行了长达8.2年的随访。

 研究结果显示,与从不吃或很少吃(少于每周两次)红辣椒的人相比,每周吃4次以上红辣椒的人全因死亡和心血管死亡风险分别降低23%和34%。此外,辣椒的定期摄入还与缺血性心脏病和脑血管死亡风险负相关。在无高血压的个体中,食用辣椒与全因死亡率的相关性似乎更强。值得一提的是,即使饮食整体不健康,吃辣椒都能获益。

 那么,辣椒为什么拥有这么神奇的力量?目前科学界认为这主要归功于辣椒中辣椒素。

 辣椒素具有辛辣刺激性的香草胺合成衍生物,是一种含香草酰胺的生物碱。天然辣椒素由辣椒素、二氢辣椒素、降二氢辣椒素、高二氢辣椒素和高辣椒素等系列同类物族所组成。目前,已发现19种辣椒素同系物,其同系物结构均类似于辣椒素。目前,研究最为广泛的辣椒素受体是TRPV1,也是最受关注的非选择性阳离子通道受体之一。

图片Dreamtime.com

TRPV1广泛分布于哺乳动物的感觉神经纤维,尤其是无髓鞘的 C 类和部分少髓鞘类纤维,在中枢神经、外周神经、呼吸、消化、心脑血管和泌尿等多个系统中均有表达。另外,TRPV1的生物学功能很多,包括参与免疫激活、介导炎性疼痛、参与体温调节、调节胃肠功能、调节脂肪生成以及参与多种肿瘤的生理和病理过程等。

 近年来,随着科学家对辣椒素研究的不断深入,辣椒素不仅具有多种药理作用,比如镇痛、止痒、抗炎、抗氧化和调节血压等,在动物实验中,还能够抑制多种恶性实体肿瘤的生长。发表在Nature Medicine杂志的一项研究显示,辣椒素可通过辣椒素受体TRPV1发出信号,TRPV1在恶性神经胶质瘤这种大脑癌症中有着高度表达,辣椒素发出信号后并激活癌细胞中的一种加强通路促使癌细胞死亡。而且研究人员发现,辣椒素受体TRPV1所传递的信号可作为一种候选通路用于脑瘤的药物标靶。

 你可能想象不到,吃辣椒与吃大麻有很多相似的地方。发表在PNAS杂志上的一篇题为“Endocannabinoid system acts as a regulator of immune homeostasis in the gut”.研究结果显示,辣椒素能够与细胞表面的TRPV1受体结合,进一步引发细胞产生大麻素。大麻素是与大麻中的有效成分化学结构十分相近的物质,能够降低免疫系统的活性。

此外,研究人员还发现,咀嚼辣椒时我们会感到口热,但事实并非如此。辣椒中的辣椒素能够与特定的受体结合,从而引发大脑的灼热感,而且这些受体遍布整个肠胃消化道,从而解开了长久以来的谜团。

 当然,辣椒可能也会产生不良的影响。发表在nutrients杂志的一项题为“High Chili Intake and Cognitive Function among 4582 Adults: An Open Cohort Study over 15 Years”研究,该研究对3302名中国成年人辣椒摄入量与认知功能之间的关系进行了调查,结果显示,吃辣越多的人认知能力越低。除此之外,辣椒素本身具有强烈的刺激性,可刺激黏膜引起喷嚏、鼻出血、咳嗽、支气管收缩和呼吸困难等一系列症状。

综上,虽然辣椒素好处多多,但饮食的健康更多取决于整体的均衡搭配,不必因为吃辣或不吃辣而纠结。不同人对于食物的耐受能力也有所不同,无法绝对的判断吃辣多少才算健康。需要适当食用,不可多吃。

 来源:梅斯医学综合报道

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    2021-05-22 hittouch
  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1635617, encodeId=61a8163561e67, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4483e0337b9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#番茄#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=70337, encryptionId=4483e0337b9, topicName=番茄)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=982922501584, createdName=hittouch, createdTime=Sat May 22 20:36:08 CST 2021, time=2021-05-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=921052, encodeId=2c9792105210, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=aa0582e6946' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肿瘤#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=111, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=82769, encryptionId=aa0582e6946, topicName=肿瘤)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=49f55457070, createdName=于璇, createdTime=Fri Jan 29 15:03:47 CST 2021, time=2021-01-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=915602, encodeId=fd7c915602b8, content=那到底是吃还是不吃?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=88a15442706, createdName=ms8000001267103871, createdTime=Mon Jan 11 16:01:59 CST 2021, time=2021-01-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=915014, encodeId=c41c91501466, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=423310409878' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#锅#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=104098, encryptionId=423310409878, topicName=锅)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59321624668, createdName=zb1235672, createdTime=Sat Jan 09 21:31:03 CST 2021, time=2021-01-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=914883, encodeId=a77d91488367, content=好吧,吃辣椒有好处,不过最后结尾还是因人而异!那避免吃辛辣食物,该怎么对待?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=87ee5451347, createdName=ms4000002054690462, createdTime=Sat Jan 09 14:31:13 CST 2021, time=2021-01-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-01-29 于璇
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    2021-01-11 ms8000001267103871

    那到底是吃还是不吃?

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1635617, encodeId=61a8163561e67, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4483e0337b9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#番茄#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=70337, encryptionId=4483e0337b9, topicName=番茄)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=982922501584, createdName=hittouch, createdTime=Sat May 22 20:36:08 CST 2021, time=2021-05-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=921052, encodeId=2c9792105210, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=aa0582e6946' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肿瘤#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=111, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=82769, encryptionId=aa0582e6946, topicName=肿瘤)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=49f55457070, createdName=于璇, createdTime=Fri Jan 29 15:03:47 CST 2021, time=2021-01-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=915602, encodeId=fd7c915602b8, content=那到底是吃还是不吃?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=88a15442706, createdName=ms8000001267103871, createdTime=Mon Jan 11 16:01:59 CST 2021, time=2021-01-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=915014, encodeId=c41c91501466, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=423310409878' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#锅#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=104098, encryptionId=423310409878, topicName=锅)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59321624668, createdName=zb1235672, createdTime=Sat Jan 09 21:31:03 CST 2021, time=2021-01-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=914883, encodeId=a77d91488367, content=好吧,吃辣椒有好处,不过最后结尾还是因人而异!那避免吃辛辣食物,该怎么对待?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=87ee5451347, createdName=ms4000002054690462, createdTime=Sat Jan 09 14:31:13 CST 2021, time=2021-01-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-01-09 zb1235672
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1635617, encodeId=61a8163561e67, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4483e0337b9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#番茄#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=70337, encryptionId=4483e0337b9, topicName=番茄)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=982922501584, createdName=hittouch, createdTime=Sat May 22 20:36:08 CST 2021, time=2021-05-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=921052, encodeId=2c9792105210, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=aa0582e6946' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肿瘤#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=111, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=82769, encryptionId=aa0582e6946, topicName=肿瘤)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=49f55457070, createdName=于璇, createdTime=Fri Jan 29 15:03:47 CST 2021, time=2021-01-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=915602, encodeId=fd7c915602b8, content=那到底是吃还是不吃?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=88a15442706, createdName=ms8000001267103871, createdTime=Mon Jan 11 16:01:59 CST 2021, time=2021-01-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=915014, encodeId=c41c91501466, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=423310409878' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#锅#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=104098, encryptionId=423310409878, topicName=锅)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59321624668, createdName=zb1235672, createdTime=Sat Jan 09 21:31:03 CST 2021, time=2021-01-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=914883, encodeId=a77d91488367, content=好吧,吃辣椒有好处,不过最后结尾还是因人而异!那避免吃辛辣食物,该怎么对待?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=87ee5451347, createdName=ms4000002054690462, createdTime=Sat Jan 09 14:31:13 CST 2021, time=2021-01-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-01-09 ms4000002054690462

    好吧,吃辣椒有好处,不过最后结尾还是因人而异!那避免吃辛辣食物,该怎么对待?

    0