一级致癌物有哪些?发霉食物要警惕

2017-10-22 赵敬菡、赵娟 中国新闻网

有媒体报道,槟榔属于一级致癌物。一级致癌物究竟是什么概念?致癌物如何分级?

一级致癌物有哪些?

有媒体报道,槟榔属于一级致癌物。一级致癌物究竟是什么概念?致癌物如何分级?

记者采访了中国医学科学院肿瘤医院防癌体检中心主任李槐。她认为,致癌物严格地说只是致癌的外部因素。保持健康生活方式,才能远离癌症。

食物为何会致癌

食物本身含不含有致癌物?以槟榔为例,有研究者认为,槟榔本身是食物,吃槟榔的人也只有7%—8%的人患口腔癌。而有人认为槟榔中含有一种生物碱,会导致口腔黏膜纤维化,口腔白斑,导致癌前病变,发生癌症的可能性增大。

李槐认为,食物致癌多是人为因素造成,出现致癌物多是通过以下几种途径:

食物保存不当发生霉变。食物在保存一定时期以上,过了保质期的食物,容易发霉,产生一级致癌物黄曲霉毒素,它能导致肝癌,这在临床上已经获得证明。粮食储存不当,也会发生霉变。

烹饪食物方法不当。食物的熏制、烧烤、腌制不当,烤焦或者烤煳的食物,都会产生亚硝酸盐。

农药残留。在农作物的种植过程中,过量使用农药和杀虫剂,如果不能有效降解,超过限量标准,长期食用的话,会增加致癌的风险。

不适当地使用食物添加剂。法定的食品添加剂,按规定的剂量使用,安全性有保证。如果超剂量、越范围使用,也会有致癌的风险。

致癌物怎样分级

致癌物是按对人的致癌危险性来分级,究竟包括哪些物质?

李槐说,致癌物只是致癌的外部因素,这些外因大致可以分为化学致癌物、物理致癌物、生物致癌物和食物致癌物。致癌物按照对人类和哺乳动物致癌作用的不同,可分为确证致癌物、怀疑致癌物和潜在致癌物。

李槐介绍,国际癌症研究机构已有资料报告的878种化学物,主要包括:

第一级致癌物:在一级致癌物中,天然物质及其加工产物占5种,包括黄曲霉毒素、环孢素A、烟草和烟气、槟榔及酒精性饮料。

第二级A类:如氯霉素、甲醛、多氯联苯、丁二烯、硫酸二甲酯、环氧氯丙烷、苯乙烯、三氯乙烯、四氯乙烯、柴油引擎废气等,对人类为很可能致癌物,对动物则为确定致癌物。

第二级B类:如黄樟素、四氯化碳、电磁波、汽油引擎废气、干洗业等,对人类为有可能致癌物,对动物很可能也是致癌物。

第三级致癌物:咖啡因、食用色素等,目前尚无足够的依据以判断该物质是否为人类致癌物。

李槐提醒,不要迷信某些抗癌或防癌食物,癌症的成因是多种因素造成的,不能简单地归结一种致癌物,或是期待通过食用某种或某几种食物预防癌症的发生。她建议,食物多样,营养均衡,戒烟限酒,适当锻炼,保持良好心态,才不会给癌症备好“铺路石”。

【链接】

常见化学致癌物来源

世界卫生组织所属国际癌症研究机构自1971年开始,将各国有关化学致癌物资料汇编成书,并对已进行致癌研究的化学物分为四级。

第一级,对人致癌性证据充分。确证人类致癌物的要求是:有设计严格、方法可靠、能排除混杂因素的流行病学调查;有剂量反应关系;另有调查资料验证,或动物实验支持。

常见的一级致癌物包括:黄曲霉毒素、亚硝胺、二(口恶)英、尼古丁、苯并芘、亚硝酸钠等。分别来源是:

黄曲霉毒素:烂花生、花生油、玉米、大米、棉籽中最为常见。亚硝胺:来自腐烂的粮食、蔬菜、鱼肉、蛋奶。二(口恶)英:来自焦油、沥青、塑料燃烧。尼古丁:来自烟草。苯并芘:来自烧烤、煎炸食物。亚硝酸钠:来自工业盐、刚腌的腌菜。

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    2017-10-24 jambiya
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    2017-10-24 yhy100201
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    2017-10-24 qjddjq
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    2017-10-22 天涯183

    非常好的文章.学习了

    0

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    2017-10-22 清风拂面

    很好的文章.谢谢分享

    0

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    2017-10-22 中医痴

    不错的.学习了.谢谢分享!

    0

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