华法林、达比加群、利伐沙班怎么用?5张图掌握房颤抗凝!

2021-09-02 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

华法林、达比加群、利伐沙班怎么用?5张图掌握房颤抗凝!

房颤抗凝,一直是心血管科临床的热点话题,其治疗原则是治疗危险因素及合并疾病,预防血栓栓塞以及心室率控制和节律控制。无论是室率控制还是节律控制,必须高度关注患者的血栓栓塞风险,应根据卒中风险评估进行抗凝治疗。针对房颤患者,在用药方面该注意什么?

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注重血栓栓塞和出血风险评估

瓣膜病心房颤动是栓塞的重要危险因素,包括中重度二尖瓣狭窄或机械瓣置换术,具有明确抗凝适应证,无需再进行栓塞风险评分。对非瓣膜病心房颤动,推荐使用CHA2DS2‐VASc 积分评估患者栓塞风险。而在抗凝治疗开始前需评估出血风险,目前常用的是HAS‐BLED评分。

不同适应症,选择不同药物

抗凝药物的选择需根据相应的适应证、药物特征以及与患者相关的临床因素,同时也要考虑患者的意愿。抗凝药物包括维生素K拮抗剂和非维生素K拮抗口服抗凝药(NOAC)。

一、维生素 K 拮抗剂

维生素K拮抗剂华法林是抑制维生素 K 依赖的凝血因子ⅡaⅦaⅨaⅩa的合成,通过多个作用位点拮抗凝血,可降低30%~50%相关凝血因子的合成率。

尽管华法林的抗凝效果肯定,但治疗窗狭窄,不同个体的有效剂量差异较大,并易受其他药物的影响需常规监测抗凝效果,力求INR达到 2.0~3.0 

1)华法林初始剂量及剂量调整

1完成临床评估后,应尽快启动华法林治疗。不推荐给起始负荷量,建议初始剂量为 1~3 mg/d 1 /d

2稳定前应数天至每周监测 1 次,个体化调整剂量,可在2~4周达到抗凝目标范围。

3根据INR结果的稳定性可延长监测INR时间,每4周监测 1 次。1 次轻度升高或降低可不急于改变剂 量,但应近期复查。

4INR 如确实不在目标范围,可升高或降低原剂量的10%~15%,建议根据每周剂量进行调整。调整剂量后应重复前面所述的监测频率,直到剂量再次稳定。

二、非维生素 K 拮抗口服抗凝药(NOAC

NOAC包括直接 凝血酶抑制剂达比加群酯,直接Xa因子抑制剂利 伐沙班、阿哌沙班和艾多沙班。NOAC受食物及药物影响较少,应用过程中无需常规监测凝血功能。

1)适应证及禁忌证

1NOAC禁用于合并机械人工瓣膜或中、重度二尖瓣狭窄(通常是风湿性的)的心房颤动患者,这些患者的抗凝只能使用华法林。

2尽管NOAC 与华法林相比药物相互作用少,但仍需监测重要的药物相互作用,避免同时使用决奈达隆、利福平、HIV蛋白酶抑制剂、伊曲康唑、酮康唑、伏立康唑、连翘和地 塞米松等。

3重肝、肾功能不全患者不宜应用NOAC。用药过程 中,需根据患者的肾功能情况定期复查肌酐清除 率,正常者可每年测定1次,肌酐清除率<60 ml/min 时,需加密监测。

4有肾功能变化者应根据情况调整NOAC的种类和剂量。 难以确定如何调整时应转诊至上级医院。从华法 林转换为NOAC时,应在停用华法林且INR<2.0时启动NOAC

2)抗凝治疗的初始剂量及剂量调整

使用NOAC前,应再次评估患者抗凝治疗的适 应证和禁忌证,需检查血常规和肌酐(计算肌酐清 除率),并据此选择药物的种类和剂量。

3)NOAC用药的监测

服用NOAC不需常 规进行凝血指标的监测。没有一种常规凝血指标 可准确反映NOAC的抗凝作用,更不能在疗效和安全性方面给予指导。

另外,NOAC的服药剂量和血 药浓度有很好的线性关系,有较宽的治疗窗,也使 监测的必要性大大减低。但在发生出血、栓塞、需要紧急手术或发生ACS等情况时,可以测定某些指 标来判定体内抗凝药的情况,评估出血的风险,确定治疗方案。测定时要记录取血与患者前次服药的时间间隔。

抗凝出血并发症的治疗

抗凝治疗引起的出血,按严重程度分为轻微出血、中度出血和严重出血。

1轻微出血指的是抗凝治疗相关的鼻衄、皮肤小瘀斑、轻微外伤后出血,可给予适度处理,无需停药,也可延迟用药。

2中度出血指的是肉眼血尿、自发大片瘀斑、其他未危及生命的大出血。

3严重出血具有生命危险,如颅内出血、严重消化道出血、腹膜后出血等导致血液动力学不稳定的出血。

此外,中度以上出血应停用抗凝药,病情允许的情况下,建立静脉通道并做初步处理(补液、保证血液动力学稳定等措施)后需转诊到上级医院处理。

严重出血可使用 抗凝药的拮抗剂,因华法林所致可用维生素 K(发 挥作用大约需24 h),因达比加群所致可用依达赛 珠。Xa因子拮抗剂我国目前尚未上市。

值得注意的是,抗凝治疗期间应避免接受针灸、艾灸、拔火罐、 深度按摩及侵入性的治疗。

特殊情况的抗凝治疗

1老年患者卒中与出血风险均增高。鉴于出血风险较大,因此应积极控 制可纠正的出血危险因素(如高血压、肝肾功能异 常、合并使用阿司匹林或非甾体抗炎药等)。

在抗凝策略方面,NOAC 优先于华法林。如果使用 NOAC,应根据年龄按说明书的要求调整剂量。老 年人易有肾功能下降,在使用NOAC时要按前述方 法定期检测肌酐清除率,以确定使用的药物和剂量 是否恰当。如果使用华法林,应加强 INR 的监测 (至少每个月1次,有变化随时检测),但仍应将INR 控制在2.0~3.0,以确保疗效。

2ACS及植入支架的患者,可能需要抗凝加双联抗血小板治疗, 但其时间不宜过长,具体时间需根据患者的病情由 上级医院确定。部分出血风险高的患者可直接使 1 NOAC 加氯吡格雷。在需要抗凝治疗的患 者,不宜同时使用替格瑞洛。稳定的冠心病心房颤 动患者,只需用抗凝药物治疗,不需加用抗血小板药物。

3除短暂脑缺血 发作(TIA)外,发生卒中的患者均需暂停抗凝药。 缺血性卒中的心房颤动患者,若正在规律使用抗凝药物,不应进行溶栓治疗。缺血性卒中,要根据患 者梗死的范围大小及是否有梗死周围出血的情况, 确定何时开始重启抗凝治疗,此时可能需要多学科团队的评价。出血性卒中后是否还能进行抗凝治疗,要到上级医院进行详细评估后决定。

参考来源:

1.Chinese Medical Association, Chinese Medical Journals Pub‐ lishing House, Chinese Society of General Practice, et al. Guideline for primary care of ventricular tachycardia (2019) [J]. Chin J Gen Pract, 2019,18(11): 1047‐1056. DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1671‐7368.2019.11.008.

2.黄从新,张澍,黄德嘉, . 心房颤动:目前的认识和治疗的 建议‐2018 [J]. 中国心脏起搏与心电生理杂志, 2018, 32(4): 315‐368. DOI:10.13333/j.cnki.cjcpe.2018.04.001.

3.Giugliano RP, Ruff CT, Braunwald E, et al. Edoxaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation[J]. N Engl J Med, 2013,369(22):2093‐2104. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1310907

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    2022-03-01 ms5000000828290308

    学习

    0

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  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1220434, encodeId=e723122043403, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=23959394eda' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#达比加群#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=93947, encryptionId=23959394eda, topicName=达比加群)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220519/c2ab253484ee4527a2d4e9589a4821ac/45de9bf494a54becb2ea4369c9d11e85.jpg, createdBy=7a3710, createdName=赛华佗, createdTime=Tue May 17 16:48:26 CST 2022, time=2022-05-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1198245, encodeId=8c34119824529, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=8abb5402461, createdName=ms5000000828290308, createdTime=Tue Mar 01 06:32:13 CST 2022, time=2022-03-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1694825, encodeId=7d02169482510, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a7385426313' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#房颤抗凝#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=54263, encryptionId=a7385426313, topicName=房颤抗凝)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=8df129768056, createdName=xiongke020, createdTime=Sun Jun 12 02:59:54 CST 2022, time=2022-06-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1016127, encodeId=fe4c101612eb8, content=非常棒, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e4da5454260, createdName=ms4000001289352536, createdTime=Thu Sep 09 19:26:57 CST 2021, time=2021-09-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1014952, encodeId=83c61014952e7, content=很好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160531/IMG574DA473DF46C6923.jpg, createdBy=e39768313, createdName=xzmynya, createdTime=Mon Sep 06 09:03:33 CST 2021, time=2021-09-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1014197, encodeId=0076101419eb0, content=学习学习<a href='/topic/show?id=737a54248f5' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#房颤#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=54248, encryptionId=737a54248f5, topicName=房颤)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=47814065247, createdName=么么大啵狼, createdTime=Fri Sep 03 08:31:20 CST 2021, time=2021-09-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1013832, encodeId=93031013832a8, content=学到了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210414/449c3f6b60e44525935c6d20f692180c/575c41cb44494ec18c17a52ba43d9d82.jpg, createdBy=e4725480342, createdName=我是杜樟锋, createdTime=Thu Sep 02 18:55:35 CST 2021, time=2021-09-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1013696, encodeId=79b61013696df, content=房颤潜在危害大,抗凝非常重要, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f2025482531, createdName=yedd, createdTime=Thu Sep 02 10:13:39 CST 2021, time=2021-09-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1013691, encodeId=37db1013691e8, content=不错学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210606/e8b96fdba070433da10cd357c0646807/28bf16f46e314caaad8396c0c7df7a04.jpg, createdBy=adb15496357, createdName=仁术2021, createdTime=Thu Sep 02 10:02:04 CST 2021, time=2021-09-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1031459, encodeId=df5510314591e, content=房颤,临床上碰到很多哦, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=心介, createdTime=Tue Aug 31 19:59:54 CST 2021, time=2021-08-31, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-09-09 ms4000001289352536

    非常棒

    0

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    2021-09-06 xzmynya

    很好

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1220434, encodeId=e723122043403, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=23959394eda' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#达比加群#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=93947, encryptionId=23959394eda, topicName=达比加群)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220519/c2ab253484ee4527a2d4e9589a4821ac/45de9bf494a54becb2ea4369c9d11e85.jpg, createdBy=7a3710, createdName=赛华佗, createdTime=Tue May 17 16:48:26 CST 2022, time=2022-05-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1198245, encodeId=8c34119824529, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=8abb5402461, createdName=ms5000000828290308, createdTime=Tue Mar 01 06:32:13 CST 2022, time=2022-03-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1694825, encodeId=7d02169482510, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a7385426313' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#房颤抗凝#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=54263, encryptionId=a7385426313, topicName=房颤抗凝)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=8df129768056, createdName=xiongke020, createdTime=Sun Jun 12 02:59:54 CST 2022, time=2022-06-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1016127, encodeId=fe4c101612eb8, content=非常棒, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e4da5454260, createdName=ms4000001289352536, createdTime=Thu Sep 09 19:26:57 CST 2021, time=2021-09-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1014952, encodeId=83c61014952e7, content=很好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160531/IMG574DA473DF46C6923.jpg, createdBy=e39768313, createdName=xzmynya, createdTime=Mon Sep 06 09:03:33 CST 2021, time=2021-09-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1014197, encodeId=0076101419eb0, content=学习学习<a href='/topic/show?id=737a54248f5' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#房颤#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=54248, encryptionId=737a54248f5, topicName=房颤)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=47814065247, createdName=么么大啵狼, createdTime=Fri Sep 03 08:31:20 CST 2021, time=2021-09-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1013832, encodeId=93031013832a8, content=学到了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210414/449c3f6b60e44525935c6d20f692180c/575c41cb44494ec18c17a52ba43d9d82.jpg, createdBy=e4725480342, createdName=我是杜樟锋, createdTime=Thu Sep 02 18:55:35 CST 2021, time=2021-09-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1013696, encodeId=79b61013696df, content=房颤潜在危害大,抗凝非常重要, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f2025482531, createdName=yedd, createdTime=Thu Sep 02 10:13:39 CST 2021, time=2021-09-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1013691, encodeId=37db1013691e8, content=不错学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210606/e8b96fdba070433da10cd357c0646807/28bf16f46e314caaad8396c0c7df7a04.jpg, createdBy=adb15496357, createdName=仁术2021, createdTime=Thu Sep 02 10:02:04 CST 2021, time=2021-09-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1031459, encodeId=df5510314591e, content=房颤,临床上碰到很多哦, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=心介, createdTime=Tue Aug 31 19:59:54 CST 2021, time=2021-08-31, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-09-03 么么大啵狼

    学习学习#房颤#

    0

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    2021-09-02 我是杜樟锋

    学到了

    0

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    2021-09-02 yedd

    房颤潜在危害大,抗凝非常重要

    0

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    2021-09-02 仁术2021

    不错学习了

    0

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    2021-08-31 心介

    房颤,临床上碰到很多哦

    0

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BMJ:早期房颤患者要尽早开始心律控制措施

对于新近诊断为房颤的患者,早期开始心律控制治疗与心率控制治疗相比,不良心血管结局的风险更低。这种关联在患有房颤一年以上的患者中没有发现。

Neurology:卒中后,房颤诊断人群死亡风险更高

卒中后,房颤诊断人群死亡风险更高