用于微生物组研究的人造肠道

2016-06-01 佚名 生物通

微生物存在于人体、植物、土壤、海洋等各种环境中,这些微生物群落的集合被称为微生物组。近年来,微生物组研究成为一个热门,去年10月份,Science和Nature两大期刊同时发文,倡议开展浩大的微生物组研究,以理解和利用微生物组——栖息在多种多样生态系统(如人类肠道和海洋)的微生物群落,来改善人类健康、农业、生物能源和环境(相关阅读:Science、Nature发文倡议微生物组研


微生物存在于人体、植物、土壤、海洋等各种环境中,这些微生物群落的集合被称为微生物组。近年来,微生物组研究成为一个热门,去年10月份,Science和Nature两大期刊同时发文,倡议开展浩大的微生物组研究,以理解和利用微生物组——栖息在多种多样生态系统(如人类肠道和海洋)的微生物群落,来改善人类健康、农业、生物能源和环境(相关阅读:Science、Nature发文倡议微生物组研究)。今年5月份,美国白宫宣布启动“国家微生物组计划”,这是奥巴马政府继脑计划、精确医学、抗癌“登月”之后推出的又一个重大国家科研计划。

近期,有研究人员制备了一种新的体外模型,使微生物组研究超越了种群丰度相关性,并朝着“调查宿主-微生物相互作用的分子机制”这条道路迈进。

令人兴奋的是,最近许多研究将肠道微生物和人类健康联系起来。这些研究大多数都依赖于宏基因组分析,来推断微生物物种的相对丰度和不同健康状态之间的联系。虽然提供了丰富的主要信息,但是这些结果并不能确定一种疾病的原因,只是指出了一种相关性。为了确定原因,研究人员需要通过用实验方法,操纵不同的变量,以试图梳理分析宿主-微生物相互作用的细节——这些实验不能轻易地在动物身上完成。

现在,卢森堡大学的研究人员在《Nature Communications》杂志上报道了一种新的人类肠道微流体模型,称为HuMiX,可模拟肠道的条件和流程,从而让我们对影响人类-微生物相互作用的变量进行系统的操纵。这项研究的资深作者Paul Wilmes在一份新闻稿中说:“利用HuMiX,我们可以实时观察到细菌与人类肠道细胞交流时的相互作用。我们也可以研究那些利用现有实验方法难以接近的过程。”

Wilmes的研究小组设计了HuMiX,其具有三个隔离层,第一层用于灌注基质,第二层用于人类上皮细胞培养,第三层用于培养微生物。这些隔离层是由多孔膜分开的,这种多孔膜模仿健康上皮细胞层,每一层都有进水口和出水口,以操纵培养基的物理化学参数。该设备还包含氧传感器,并能容纳一个电极来测量经上皮电阻,用以描述细胞的生长和分化。

研究人员对设备内的共培养条件进行优化,用于有氧和厌氧条件,研究人员通过利用该设备重复了以前公布的人类和动物实验,并比较了由此产生的转录组和代谢产物,证明HuMiX能够概括正常的肠道反应。根据Wilmes介绍,在所有情况下,数据都显示出了强劲的一致性。

在验证“该设备可作为一个优秀的人类肠道模型”的过程中,该研究团队对来自themulti-omics研究的一些数据变得非常好奇。特别是,肠道上皮细胞与乳酸菌的共培养,可导致多个miRNA的表达发生改变,包括一些目前用于胃肠道癌症的生物标志物。因此,研究人员建议,HuMiX可能促进生物标记物的鉴定,并促进微生物组为基础的疗法的测试。

采用这个新系统研究人员也揭示出了其他微生物的相互作用。本研究第一作者Pranjul Shah说:“在肠细胞和乳杆菌某一菌株的共培养中,我们发现,神经系统一个信使的产生,特别是神经递质γ-氨基丁酸(GABA),在肠道细胞中是受到刺激的,从而表明肠道可能通过一种机制与大脑交流。”这个观察结果打开了“使用HuMiX来研究肠脑轴”的可能性。

虽然Wilmes的研究小组开发的HuMiX是用于研究宿主微生物相互作用,但是该设备用于筛选药物和调查药物动力学和营养学,应该也是很有价值的。Wilmes说:“利用HuMiX,我们现在还可以分析益生菌、膳食化合物或影响人类生理学的药物。我们希望看到这些疗法如何需要完善的具体指标,以为了将来更好地工作。”

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    2016-06-03 老段

    人造肠道

    0

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