冠状动脉支架脱载的处理和预防,看看专家共识怎么说!

2022-01-27 small year MedSci原创

一文读懂~

随着支架预装技术的问世以及生产工艺的改进,支架脱载的发生率有所下降。然而,有研究显示,在支架脱载患者中,相关并发症的发生率约为 20%,包括心肌梗死、冠状动脉旁路移植术,甚至是死亡等。因此,在新器械时代,支架脱载问题仍不容忽视,医生必须熟练掌握支架脱载的处理原则与预防策略。

一、支架脱载的原因

冠状动脉支架脱载与病变、器械和技术操作等因素密切相关。支架在通过严重钙化狭窄病变或支架网眼时可出现抱死卡死,此时若强行推送或回撤极易导致脱载。另外,当指引导管与冠状动脉开口不同轴时,回撤支架 容易出现支架近端变形(俗称起毛刺)而无法进入指引导管,此时若用力回撤,支架可在指引导管开口处被剥离而脱落。

常见的支架脱载机制包括支架从装载球囊松脱、支架被病变抱死用力回撤时与球囊脱离、支架近端变形后在指引导管开口处被剥离等。

目前,较为简单明了的支架脱载分类,根据支架脱载的位置和发生脱载后导引导丝是否在支架内,将其分为 6 种类型,见下图。

图:冠状动脉支架脱载分类示意图

二、支架脱载的处理

支架脱载的处理需要术者具备良好心理素质、过硬的介入操作技能和较高的综合临床应变能力。值得注意的是,处理支架脱载处理的基本法则,冠状动脉支架脱载导致的严重并发症往往与处理不当有关,因此应遵守基本法则,严守操作规范, 积极防治次生并发症。

图: Ⅰ型支架脱载(完全脱载于冠状动脉内)的处理流程

图:Ⅱ型支架脱载的处理流程(部分位于冠状动脉内、部分进入左主干或主动脉窦)

图:Ⅲ型支架脱载的处理流程

 

支架脱载的处理方法可分为取出体外、就地释放和支架挤压等 3 类,每类方法各有利弊,应结合具体条件取舍。

第一类:脱载支架取出体外

对于部分或完全脱载于冠状动脉内的支架,只要条件许可应尽可能将其取出体外。根据支架脱载的部 位和支架是否在导丝上,可采用球囊、导丝、圈套器、 钳夹器等工具将支架取出。

1、小球囊技术:适合导引导丝仍在脱载支架上、预 估支架回撤阻力不大且支架无变形等情形。建议 选用直径≤ 1.5 mm、长度≥ 15 mm 的单标记小球囊 (长球囊更有利于握紧支架),沿装载支架的导丝送至 支架远端,将球囊扩张至 3 atm1 atm=101.325 kPa),然后小心回撤球囊,观察支架是否随球囊一起移动并 进入指引导管。

2、导丝缠绕技术:导丝缠绕技术(twisted wire technique 又称导丝编织技 术,适合导引导丝仍在脱载支架上、预估支架 回撤阻力不大且支架无变形等情形。

3、延长导管回收技术:适合处理导引导丝仍在 脱载支架内、支架近端无变形及脱载位于冠状动脉 近段或延长导管能抵达的部位。

4、三联体技术:适合导引导丝仍在脱载支架 上、支架能接近而无法进入指引导管(如支架近端 变形等)等情况。

5、圈套器技术:可用于处理型、型和型冠 状动脉支架脱载。若导引导丝仍在支架内(Ⅰ A 型), 可沿导引导丝送入圈套装置进行同轴圈套,其血管 伤风险较低。对于导引导丝已不在支架内的Ⅰ B 型、 支架近端突出主动脉窦内较少的Ⅱ B 型脱载,其操 作难度和损伤风险均较大,不宜选用。

6、钳夹器技术:只要解剖部位适合和器械可以到 位,钳夹术可用于处理不同类型冠状动脉支架脱载。 可选钳夹装置,包括心肌活检钳(myocardial biopsy forceps)、鳄鱼钳(alligator forceps)及胆道钳(biliary forceps)等

第二类:脱载支架就地释放

脱载支架就地释放适于导引导丝仍在支架上、撤出支架难度较大或 失败、支架尚未发生严重变形且支架释放位置尚可接 受等情形,尤其是脱载支架影响冠状动脉血流时。

第三类:脱载支架挤压至血管壁

脱载支架挤压至血管壁适于导引导丝已不在脱载支架上,且支架无法 取出或影响冠状动脉血流等情形。在脱载支架外送入 另一根导引导丝,建议选择比脱载支架更长的支架或 采用串联支架,力求完全覆盖已脱载支架,并充分扩 张以确保支架完全贴靠至血管壁。

三、支架脱载的预防

预防支架脱载需要从优化指引导管的选择与操作(optimized guiding catheter selection and manipulation)、充分病 变预处理(adequate lesion preparation)以及细心的介 入操作(cautious operation)三个方面下功夫,简称 “OAC 策略

总之,冠状动脉支架脱载并不少见,主要与病变、器械 与技术操作相关。在多数情况下,支架脱载并不立即 影响冠状动脉血流,但处理不当则可导致严重夹层、 出血、心肌梗死、死亡、急诊手术等严重次生 发症。支架脱载的处理既需要冷静的头脑,丰富的想 象力,更需要扎实的介入功底。从事冠状动脉介入治 疗工作的医生既需要掌握支架脱载的原理、分类和处 理流程,更需要早期预见,积极预防支架脱载。

参考资料

中国医师协会心血管内科医师分会指南共识工作委员会中青年冠脉专家沙龙. 冠状动脉支架脱载的处理和预防专家共识[J]. 2019

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    2022-02-08 橙子味的馒头

    感谢分享,学习了

    0

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    2022-01-28 ms5000000518166734

    学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习

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    2022-01-28 robbert123

    学习

    0

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