Cell:全新精细成像,重建大脑皮层

2015-08-05 佚名 生物谷

图:两个相邻神经元(绿色,蓝色)的高分辨率图像。黄色:突触。 大约在20世纪之交,一位名为Santiago Ramón y Cajal的西班牙科学家画出了错综复杂的神经元交织在一起的图像,而这些手绘改变了大脑科学。他精湛的绘图帮助科学家了解关于大脑的基础事实,即拥有长长“手臂”的神经元是我们神经系统的基本单位,它们通过突触相互传递信号。 Santiago Ramón y Cajal手绘的神


图:两个相邻神经元(绿色,蓝色)的高分辨率图像。黄色:突触。

大约在20世纪之交,一位名为Santiago Ramón y Cajal的西班牙科学家画出了错综复杂的神经元交织在一起的图像,而这些手绘改变了大脑科学。他精湛的绘图帮助科学家了解关于大脑的基础事实,即拥有长长“手臂”的神经元是我们神经系统的基本单位,它们通过突触相互传递信号。

Santiago Ramón y Cajal手绘的神经元图

而现在,一组科学家们创造了一个崭新的、高精细度的神经元成像和分析系统,根据这个系统,他们希望找到一切,从大脑发育到毁灭性精神障碍的解答。这个最新的研究成果发表在最新一期Cell

波士顿大学医学院解剖学和神经生物学教授Narayanan Kasthuri评价说:“大脑的复杂性比我们想象的要多得多。我们对于神经元的漂亮排序,如何相互连接有一个清晰的想法,但如果你真的看到,你会发现其实不是这样。”

这个系统到底如何运作?成像系统既包含硬件—给大脑样品切片并拍照成像,和软件—分析数据。这个获得专利的硬件,是由Kasthuri教授和哈佛大学的科研人员开发,被称为自动化磁带收集超薄切片机(automated tape collecting ultra-microtome,ATUM)。它使用钻石刀切割染色并已增塑的脑组织样品,切成30纳米厚的切片,然后用电子显微镜收集和拍摄样品,存储数据。

科学家们使用了一种叫做VAST程序,由哈佛大学和麻省理工学院研制合作开发,用于分析数据,在单个突触水平创产生小鼠大脑皮层子体积的饱和重建,其中所有的细胞结构(轴突、树突和神经胶质细胞)和许多亚细胞组分(突触、突触小泡、突触后密度和线粒体)都呈现并逐项列入数据库中。利用这些数据,研究人员研究脑组织的物理特性。例如,通过追踪所有兴奋性轴突的轨迹,并注意到突触和非突触并置和每个树突棘,他们发现物理上距离的接近足以预测突触连接这种说法是错误的。这个研究成果推翻了一个存在很久的假设—“彼得的规则”(Peter's Rule),即如果两个神经元彼此接近,它们很可能会形成突触,使它们能够互相沟通。这个假设似乎是合乎逻辑的,但Kasthuri博士表示,它其实是假的,至少在小鼠大脑的这一接收胡须感官信息的特定皮层。

“两个神经元花了很多时间在一起并不意味着它们建立连接,”Kasthuri说,“这才是我们研究的成年哺乳动物这块大脑皮层的规则。或许也可能大脑的其他部位,或婴儿大脑,或者每个连接到它“邻居”的神经元也遵守这个的规则。这就是为什么我们想要在大脑其他部分和婴儿的大脑中做成像的原因。”

这个在线数据库使得我们得到对于皮层的内在复杂性的一般了解,并方便提供未来更多的数据驱动查询。

原文出处:

Narayanan Kasthuri1, Kenneth Jeffrey Hayworth1,Daniel Raimund Berger1.et al. Naturated Reconstruction of a Volume of Neocortex.cell.30 July.2015

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    2016-04-15 智智灵药
  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1869173, encodeId=16ad18691e3e8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fd764459a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cell#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4459, encryptionId=fd764459a8, topicName=Cell)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=524d95, createdName=zhaozhouchifen, createdTime=Thu Nov 26 13:56:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1959428, encodeId=d37c195942816, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dbe6445416' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CEL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4454, encryptionId=dbe6445416, topicName=CEL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a12645, createdName=智智灵药, createdTime=Fri Apr 15 02:56:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=35599, encodeId=2ab83559986, content=科技让人敬畏, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=152, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=76aa1638509, createdName=1dd9c7cbm78(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Aug 15 01:00:00 CST 2015, time=2015-08-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1601102, encodeId=9ffb160110248, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=95dc4394037' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#大脑皮层#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=43940, encryptionId=95dc4394037, topicName=大脑皮层)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b93918842147, createdName=bettycmoon, createdTime=Thu Aug 06 23:56:00 CST 2015, time=2015-08-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=35144, encodeId=f340351440a, content=期待有更多研究, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=332823945, createdName=hlycom3356, createdTime=Thu Aug 06 23:20:00 CST 2015, time=2015-08-06, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-08-15 1dd9c7cbm78(暂无匿称)

    科技让人敬畏

    0

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    2015-08-06 hlycom3356

    期待有更多研究

    0

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