Nature:免疫排斥与肿瘤治疗

2015-05-04 佚名 生物谷

对器官移植稍有了解的人肯定会知道一个叫做"免疫排斥"的现象。它是指供体的器官在移植给受体之后会受到受体本身的免疫细胞的攻击,从而无法保证其正常的生理功能。其根本原因是免疫系统天生对"异源"的物质具有识别与攻击的特性,而且在正常状态下这一功能具有十分重要的生理意义。在临床上,医生们经常会建议需要器官移植的患者在选择器官来源时要以配型相同为标准,而且在移植手术之后也需要注射免疫活性抑制剂来降低器官被攻

对器官移植稍有了解的人肯定会知道一个叫做"免疫排斥"的现象。它是指供体的器官在移植给受体之后会受到受体本身的免疫细胞的攻击,从而无法保证其正常的生理功能。其根本原因是免疫系统天生对"异源"的物质具有识别与攻击的特性,而且在正常状态下这一功能具有十分重要的生理意义。在临床上,医生们经常会建议需要器官移植的患者在选择器官来源时要以配型相同为标准,而且在移植手术之后也需要注射免疫活性抑制剂来降低器官被攻击的风险。肿瘤则是截然相反的一种现象:对于每个患者来说,肿瘤与体内的正常细胞都是"同源"的,而却是我们希望去除的"部分"。

如果我们将肿瘤看做一类器官的话,我们希望肿瘤也能像器官移植那样发生免疫排斥的现象。搞清楚免疫排斥的机理并将其应用于肿瘤治疗是一个非常有创造性的想法。

最近,来自斯坦福大学医学院的Edgar G. Engleman课题组在《自然》杂志发表了他们这方面的工作进展。

首先,作者们希望了解肿瘤是否会产生"免疫排斥"的现象。他们选取了两株不同来源的肿瘤细胞系:B16(一种黑色素瘤细胞)与LMP(肝脏转移性胰腺癌细胞)。其中B16是来源于B6小鼠,而LMP来源于129S1小鼠。作者分别将体外培养的两株癌细胞系打入不同的小鼠体内观察其增殖情况。结果显示:B16在其同源宿主B6小鼠中发生稳定的增殖,而在129S1小鼠中则受到了排斥,反过来,LMP在129S1小鼠中稳定增殖,而在B6小鼠中受到了排斥。

进一步,作者利用中和抗体人为地将不同类型的免疫细胞进行清除。结果显示CD4+T细胞与CD8+T细胞的缺失能够阻断"移植排斥"现象的发生。

通过肿瘤组织的细胞特征分析,作者发现T细胞的增殖一般在肿瘤接种后一周发生。另外,在异源的宿主体内,作者发现肿瘤组织中成熟的DC水平相对较高。对于DC的分析,作者发现异源宿主体内的DC能够吞噬更多的肿瘤特异性抗原分子。然而,纯体外的DC与异源宿主肿瘤细胞共培养实验并不能看到此现象,这一结果说明除了DC之外还有别的因素影响了抗原的吞噬。

另外,作者发现在肿瘤接种后24小时,异源宿主体内有大量的IgM与IgG与肿瘤特异性结合,这一现象在同源接种的对照组中没有看到。进一步,作者将小鼠的B细胞进行清除以去除抗体的影响,这一处理使得肿瘤恶化程度加快,"移植排斥"现象受到阻滞甚至被完全阻断。除此之外,作者将异源的肿瘤抗体(IgG或IgM)注入同源接种的小鼠体内也会看到免疫排斥现象的发生,这些结果说明了异源的抗体能够促进肿瘤的免疫排斥。

那么异源的抗体对于DC吞噬肿瘤特异性抗原又有什么影响呢?作者人为将肿瘤细胞裂解后的组分与同源或异源的抗体进行共孵育,形成免疫复合体,之后再将此免疫复合体加入到BMDC中。实验结果显示,之后异源的抗体形成的免疫复合体能够促进DC的成熟以及对肿瘤抗原物质的吞噬。另外,作者还发现这种方法刺激后的DC能够进一步刺激T细胞的增殖,证明了这一作用的生理功能。

为了证明异源的抗体免疫复合体能否促进同源的肿瘤小鼠体内产生"免疫排斥"效应。作者首相将不同的肿瘤对不同的小鼠进行同源接种。(B16接种到B6体内,LMP接种到129s1体内,这种接种方式不会引起免疫排斥)。之后将接种后的肿瘤取出在体外制作免疫复合体,之后再将这一复合体交叉打入原先的小鼠体内(多重的排列组合)。结果显示,异源的免疫复合体能够充分阻止肿瘤的复发,而同源的免疫复合体则没有这一功能。

尽管以上的实验结果很充分,但对于自发产生的肿瘤,注射异源抗体进行治疗的作用微乎其微。为了解释这一矛盾,作者将肿瘤组织特异性的DC(TADC)取出进行分析。与BMDC不同,异源的抗体免疫复合体并不能激活TADC,而且将处理过的TADC注入小鼠体内也不能抑制肿瘤的复发。生化水平的检测发现,与BMDC不同,TADC在接受异源抗体复合物的刺激后并没有发生p38MAPK,ERK1/2以及JNK的磷酸化。然而,之后作者在对TADC进行免疫复合体刺激的同时加入了额外的刺激(Poly(I:C), TNFa+CD40L 或IFN-gamma+CD40L)。这些额外的刺激能够促进小鼠TADC的活化。体内的实验也证明了免疫复合物的刺激加上额外刺激能够彻底清除肿瘤。进一步的分析,作者发现在这一体内的刺激过程中,TADC得到了充分的活化。

那么同源与异源的抗体区别到底在哪呢?作者通过共价连接的方式将同源的抗体结合在肿瘤细胞表面,发现人为结合了肿瘤细胞的通源抗体产生了与异源抗体相似的免疫活性。这一结果说明异源抗体活性的本质是其与肿瘤细胞特异性的结合能力。

之后作者通过体内实验证明了在自发肿瘤小鼠中利用抗原特异性的异源抗体外加额外的免疫刺激剂能够促进肿瘤的免疫排斥。

原始出处:

Yaron Carmi,Matthew H. Spitzer, Ian L. Linde,Bryan M. Burt, Tyler R. Prestwood,Nicola Perlman,Matthew G. Davidson,Justin A. Kenkel,Ehud Segal,Ganesh V. Pusapati,Nupur Bhattacharya & Edgar G. Engleman.Allogeneic IgG combined with dendritic cell stimuli induce antitumour T-cell immunity.Nature, April 29, 2015.doi:10.1038/nature14424

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    2015-12-16 liye789132251
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    2015-05-06 lvygwyt2781
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