Nature:MTH1抑制剂,癌症治疗新策略

2014-04-04 佚名 生物通

细胞代谢会产生活性氧,可引起DNA ,RNA,蛋白质和脂质的氧化损伤。而癌细胞的代谢又比正常细胞更快一些,因此更加会给这些分子带来高水平的损伤,这不仅威胁到了核酸,而且还对NTP产生影响,生成的氧化DNA也有可能与DNA和RNA错配。之前的研究表明MTH1酶能通过选择性清除NTP池中的氧化核苷酸,减轻这一问题,近期一研究组又再次证明了这一点,MTH1酶并不是正常细胞所必需的,而是癌细胞生存所需要的

细胞代谢会产生活性氧,可引起DNA ,RNA,蛋白质和脂质的氧化损伤。而癌细胞的代谢又比正常细胞更快一些,因此更加会给这些分子带来高水平的损伤,这不仅威胁到了核酸,而且还对NTP产生影响,生成的氧化DNA也有可能与DNA和RNA错配。

之前的研究表明MTH1酶能通过选择性清除NTP池中的氧化核苷酸,减轻这一问题,近期一研究组又再次证明了这一点,MTH1酶并不是正常细胞所必需的,而是癌细胞生存所需要的,因此针对这种酶的抑制剂能用于有效遏制癌细胞生长。

对于这一研究成果,来自芝加哥大学的何川教授发表了题为“Cancer: Damage prevention targeted”的评论文章,指出MTH1抑制剂能靶向氧化还原适应机制,为癌症治疗提出一种新策略。

DNA合成过程中用到的自由NTP要比双螺旋DNA中的碱基,受到氧化损伤的易感度要高出13000倍,如果氧化的dNTP掺入到DNA中,这样合成出来的核酸会比整体DNA分子氧化后所携带的受损碱基多上百倍。这会带来严重的后果,如基因组不稳定,产生突变。

几乎所有生物机体都已进化出了针对这一问题的解决办法,人体中有一种称为MTH1的蛋白,水解8-oxo-dGTP 和2-OH-dATP(即dGTP和dATP的氧化形式),将它们转化成不能用于DNA合成的磷酸产物。

此前有研究表明,正常细胞并不需要MTH1,但是癌细胞中由于ROS水平高,因此必需MTH1蛋白,如果抑制这种蛋白,就会导致氧化核苷酸渗入DNA,造成DNA损伤和细胞死亡。

照着这个思路,研究人员先假设MTH1可能在癌细胞中扮演了关键的氧化还原适应作用,由此他们检测了正常非必需MTH1蛋白在癌细胞中的作用。

通过体内体外实验,研究人员证实了这一假设,同时他们也发现了两个能结合MTH1活性位点,从而选择性抑制这种蛋白作用的小分子。正如所料,这些抑制剂导致氧化dNTPs,DNA损伤,以及毒性的增加,从而在癌症中得到了治疗应答,但在正常细胞中却没有反应。

另外一项研究也想到了这一抗癌靶标,但是这一研究组采用的是另外一条途径:小分子SCH51344。之前的研究报道称这种小分子能被RAS蛋白诱导表达,抑制癌症。研究人员发现一种SCH51344的同源物能作为“诱饵”,靶向MTH1,由于SCH51344尚未在临床试验中得到测试,因此研究人员继续筛选了其它MTH1抑制剂,结果他们发现了crizotinib。

crizotinib是2011年批准的一类肺癌药物,其分子机制在它可以抑制ALK基因的作用并且能够遏制或逆转肿瘤的生长。在这项研究中,研究人员惊讶的发现crizotinib的对映异构体并不能活性抗击MTH1,但其镜像异构体却能。

这两项研究都表明一些关键的基因组“守护者”,如p53,ATM及ATR蛋白是否存在,以及RAS蛋白表达水平的影响,都不会影响MTH1抑制剂的作用,这说明这种机制在这些守护者都失效的时候,也能在临床上起作用。

原始出处:


Dominissini D, He C.Cancer: Damage prevention targeted.Nature. 2014 Apr 2. doi: 10.1038/nature13221. 

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    2014-12-22 jklm09
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    2014-08-24 liye789132251
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