Nature:重大突破!机体细胞分裂新机制

2015-07-16 佚名 生物谷

近日,发表在国际杂志Nature上的一篇研究论文中,来自蒙特利尔大学等处的研究人员通过研究发现,染色体在动物细胞的分裂过程中扮演着一种重要的角色;细胞分裂是所有生命形成时期的基础性事件,人类机体的形成是从单一细胞分裂为数亿万次后才会形成所有类型的组织,在机体一生的每天里某些细胞都会不断地进行分裂,然而出现这种现象的机制目前并不是完全清楚。 在动物细胞中,细胞分裂主要涉及有丝分裂,即随着胞质分裂形

近日,发表在国际杂志Nature上的一篇研究论文中,来自蒙特利尔大学等处的研究人员通过研究发现,染色体在动物细胞的分裂过程中扮演着一种重要的角色;细胞分裂是所有生命形成时期的基础性事件,人类机体的形成是从单一细胞分裂为数亿万次后才会形成所有类型的组织,在机体一生的每天里某些细胞都会不断地进行分裂,然而出现这种现象的机制目前并不是完全清楚。

在动物细胞中,细胞分裂主要涉及有丝分裂,即随着胞质分裂形成子代细胞后染色体也跟随着进行分离,细胞分裂通常是一种复杂强大的过程,整个过程必须完美地进行,一旦在分裂过程中DNA分离出现差错就会诱发癌症等多种疾病的发生。我们都知道在细胞分裂过程中微管结构会将染色体向反方向进行牵引,同时微管还会通过中央着丝粒将染色体分离,研究者普遍认为,染色体在细胞分裂过程中扮演着一种被动的角色,即其被微管进行牵引,其并不会影响细胞分裂,但实际上并非如此。

文章中研究者利用遗传工具和复杂的显微技术对果蝇细胞进行了研究,他们发现,染色体可以释放信号来影响细胞表层使其增强微管的活性,其中研究者在着丝粒上发现了一种关键的酶类复合体信号,这种复合体实际上是一种名为Sds22-PP1的磷酸酶。这种信号通路在人类细胞中发挥着重要作用,由于果蝇和人类机体在进化上都具有一定的保守性,因此就可以利用果蝇来进行人类机体细胞分裂的机制性研究。当染色体分离时其会靠近细胞两极的细胞膜,在Sds22-PP1酶类的帮助下就会促进细胞两极细胞膜的软化,从而使得细胞能够拉长,最终完成平均分裂。

研究者Hickson说奥,从发现细胞分裂到现在已经有100多年了,但我们仍然还在不断探索去理解细胞分裂背后的特殊机制,细胞分裂对于生命活动非常重要,同时对于研究疾病发病的原因也也很关键。实际上所有癌症都被认为是细胞分裂失控所致,而且隐藏在细胞失控背后的分子机制或许是帮助开发治疗癌症新型疗法的关键。

机体中不同细胞类型,甚至是相同的组织都不会总是以一种相同的方式进行分裂,比如干细胞会不均匀分裂,而其它大多数细胞则会对称分裂,然而研究者目前仍然并不清楚这些分子事件的差异之谜,当然在遗传模型,比如果蝇的帮助下,研究人员就可以更进一层地深入剖析细胞分裂的机制,这对于开发特异性靶向疗法来抑制癌细胞分裂,同时还不影响健康细胞的功能将非常关键。

原始出处:

Nelio T. L. Rodrigues Sergey Lekomtsev Silvana Jananji Janos Kriston-Vizi Gilles R. X. Hickson Buzz Baum.Kinetochore-localized PP1–Sds22 couples chromosome segregation to polar relaxation.Nature.July 13, 2015.doi:10.1038/nature14496

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    2015-08-14 liye789132251
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    2015-07-16 medcardio

    关键这种细胞分裂机制,是在肿瘤上面特有还是正常细胞也有

    0