NAT REV:明确慢加急性肝衰竭有助患者管理及预后

2013-05-06 NAT REV MedSci原创

《自然评论:胃肠病学与肝脏病学》杂志 (Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology)在2013年4月23日在线刊登了一篇关于慢加急性肝衰竭(ACLF)定义的年度综述,文章作者是来自北京302医院生物治疗研究中心的王福生主任等人。在阐述和总结了ACLF的流行情况、诱发因素、自然史和发病机理后,作者指明了未来的研究方向并指出对ACLF定义的进一步

《自然评论:胃肠病学与肝脏病学》杂志 (Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology)在2013年4月23日在线刊登了一篇关于慢加急性肝衰竭(ACLF)定义的年度综述,文章作者是来自北京302医院生物治疗研究中心的王福生主任等人。在阐述和总结了ACLF的流行情况、诱发因素、自然史和发病机理后,作者指明了未来的研究方向并指出对ACLF定义的进一步完善将极大地促进ACLF患者的管理和改善患者的预后。

由于世界范围内尚未有关于ACLF的明确定义或标准临床特征,ACLF这一独特的临床综合征常常给临床医生带来困惑。最近的一项综合性研究给出了ACLF的循证定义,并对急性失代偿性肝硬化ACLF患者的临床特征进行了研究。

ACLF难以治疗而且短期死亡率较高。1,2通常情况下,ACLF具有以下几个主要的临床特征。1,2首先,由一系列病因诱导所致的慢性肝炎和/或肝硬化易导致ACLF,诱发因素包括慢性病毒性肝炎、药物或酗酒、自身免疫性肝病。在西方国家,ACLF常常是由急性失代偿性肝硬化(ADC)及其并发症(包括腹水、肝性脑病、消化道出血以及细菌性败血症)发展所致。其次, HBV(乙型肝炎病毒)再激活、消化道出血、急性肝损伤和感染等诱发事件会造成二次损伤,并导致肝细胞大量坏死和严重的肝脏炎症。第三,ACLF通常发展至单器官或多器官功能衰竭。最后一点,这一疾病的短期死亡率较高。

由于缺少普遍认可的循证诊断标准,当前各国学者对ACLF的定义大相径庭。由美国肝病研究协会和欧洲肝脏研究协会(AASLD-EASL)制定的共识性声明主要强调肝硬化所致的易感性和单器官或多器官功能衰竭,而亚太肝脏研究协会(APASL)关注的则是在慢性肝脏疾病(例如慢性肝炎和/或肝硬化)基础上出现的急性恶化。在临床环境中,ACLF或表现出与ADC相类似的特征。在收治患者过程中,这些类似的临床症状容易造成混淆。但是,准确地区分这两类患者是非常重要的,因为他们的临床预后(尤其是短期预后)大不相同。在出现急性失代偿后3个月内,ACLF的死亡率超过50%,1因此,应将这些患者列入紧急肝移植名单中;相反的,ADC的短期死亡率较低。因此,建立明确的ACLF定义以区分ACLF和ADC患者将有助于临床医生鉴别这两类患者并实现优化管理。

Moreau等人3最近报道了一项多队列前瞻性研究,该研究针对ADC患者建立了ACLF的定义。他们在三项主要证候特征的基础上明确了ACLF的诊断标准:出现急性失代偿,器官衰竭(按照CLIF-SOFA评分(慢性肝衰竭-序贯器官衰竭评分)的定义)以及高28天死亡率(预定阈值为15%)。3他们记录到ACLF患者组的28天死亡率为33.9%,与之相比,未发生ACLF患者组仅为4.7%。ACLF这一循证定义的建立有助于鉴别ACLF和ADC的不同预后情况,从而潜在地提高疾病的可逆性,减少对肝支持和早期移植的需求,以及改善长期预后。值得注意的是,这项研究把急性失代偿定义为ACLF基本诊断标准的一部分,这是因为来自欧洲29个中心的所有1,343例患者几乎都患有酒精性肝硬变。因此,他们的研究结果与这一患者队列相关性最高。然而,在亚洲地区,HBV再激活被认为是导致慢性乙型肝炎或HBV相关肝硬化患者发生ACLF的最常见急性诱发事件之一。4因此,或许无法将他们对ACLF的定义外推至HBV相关的ACLF患者。5未来在亚洲地区开展的研究应当将预先患有慢性乙型肝炎和/或HBV相关肝硬化并在诱发事件发生后出现急性恶化的患者群体作为独立组别进行考虑,以拓展ACLF的诊断标准。

研究人员已将ACLF划分为三个等级。3他们将单侧肾衰竭患者或出现以下某一情况的患者划分为等级1,包括:肝衰竭;凝血功能障碍;在血清肌酐水平为1.5-1.9 mg/dl(大概相当于132.6-168 μmol/l)和/或轻度至中度肝性脑病的情况下,伴有循环系统疾病或呼吸系统疾病;或是在血清肌酐水平为1.5-1.9 mg/dl的情况下,只伴有单侧脑衰竭。将出现两个器官功能衰竭的患者归类为等级2,将出现三个器官或以上功能衰竭的患者归类为等级3。各等级的28天死亡率分别为22.1%,32.0%和76.7%。尽管这一ACLF分类体系在预测ACLF进展方面的准确性有待通过前瞻性的随机对照研究进行进一步确证,但对于临床医生来说,这一体系无疑是可测量的和可量化的。

Moreau等人3的研究也评估了ACLF的自然史,包括相关的诱发事件及其预后。其中有几点值得注意。首先,43.6%的ACLF患者在纳入研究时并无明确的诱发事件,但他们的白细胞水平和血浆C反应蛋白水平高于未发生ACLF的患者。这些数据提示,某些不为人知的诱发事件可能参与了ACLF的发展,例如由于肠道细菌移位所致的病原体相关分子模式或由于组织损伤所致的危险相关分子模式。未来的研究应当仔细辨别这些目前尚未界定的诱发事件的作用机制。再者,离体肝衰竭(按CLIF-SOFA评分的定义)对于ACLF的诊断来说并不是必要的,反之,单侧肾衰竭是ACLF的关键决定因素。在以后的研究中,有必要阐明这一理念,因为以往认为CLIF-SCFA评分只能反映器官衰竭而且不具可预测性,从而限制了将其作为早期干预工具的应用。2第三,在该研究中,白细胞计数是预测ACLF患者死亡率的独立因素。3除此之外,感染、住院史及严重炎症均与ACLF所致死亡风险的显著增加相关。6就这点而言,感染及相关全身炎症反应很有可能是ACLF预后最重要的却鲜为人知的危险因素。

其他几项研究也提出,应将三个主要机制作为ACLF发展的关键要素:免疫紊乱,肠道细菌移位和循环功能不良。7特别地,细胞因子8(例如来源于浆细胞样树突状细胞的INF-α9)似乎在ACLF的病理生理过程中起着重要作用。2010年的一项研究表明,肝活检样本若存在导管胆色素沉积则预示着与酒精性肝病相关的ACLF将出现预后不良。10然而,临床上难以对早期阶段的ACLF患者进行肝活检。尤其值得注意的是,HBV相关ACLF的免疫学性质与由于其他病因所致的ACLF截然不同。在未来的研究中,对由不同病因所致ACLF患者的特异性预后因素进行研究是很重要的。

总的来说,对临床综合征的定义必须是唯一的、可辨认的而且能影响患者的管理。ACLF不同于终末期肝病,正如Moreau等人3所报道的,可根据对ADC患者的循证定义来诊断ACLF。他们也充分研究了ACLF的流行情况、诱发因素、自然史和发病机理。3未来,对ACLF定义的进一步完善将极大地促进ACLF患者的管理并改善患者的预后。

肝衰竭相关的拓展阅读:


Liver: How can acute-on-chronic liver failure be accurately identified?
Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is difficult to treat and carries a high risk of short-term mortality.1, 2 In general, ACLF is characterized by several major clinical features....

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