全胰腺切除后的胰岛细胞自体移植

2013-07-31 复旦大学附属金山医院内分泌科 张进安 cmt

自20世纪80年代胰岛细胞自体移植已成为现实,但全胰腺切除后胰岛细胞的自体移植仍是一个有待研究的领域。两种途径引起急性胰腺炎,发病分别起源于胰腺的腺泡细胞或导管细胞。腺泡细胞含酶原颗粒,一旦到达小肠就被活化,活化后成为胰蛋白酶以及其他消化酶。分泌过程的异常会导致胰酶的过早激活,导致胰腺疤痕形成及纤维化。导管细胞启动碳酸氢盐分泌至细胞内,这一过程的障碍也将导致疤痕形成及纤维化。损伤或代谢损害诸如大量

自20世纪80年代胰岛细胞自体移植已成为现实,但全胰腺切除后胰岛细胞的自体移植仍是一个有待研究的领域。两种途径引起急性胰腺炎,发病分别起源于胰腺的腺泡细胞或导管细胞。腺泡细胞含酶原颗粒,一旦到达小肠就被活化,活化后成为胰蛋白酶以及其他消化酶。分泌过程的异常会导致胰酶的过早激活,导致胰腺疤痕形成及纤维化。导管细胞启动碳酸氢盐分泌至细胞内,这一过程的障碍也将导致疤痕形成及纤维化。损伤或代谢损害诸如大量饮或高甘油三酯血症会引起胰腺炎。遗传因素也在胰腺炎发病中起作用。腺泡细胞胰蛋白酶原基因的突变可使酶分泌紊乱。一些酶在其仍处于胰腺中时就过早的活化。囊性纤维化跨膜调节基因(CFTR, cystic fibrosis transmembrane)的突变使导管细胞的碳酸氢盐分泌异常。已知有近1600种变异,在胰腺及肺的功能中起着类似的作用。临床表现从无症状到类哮喘症状,不同程度的胰腺囊性纤维化或使胰腺彻底丧失其功能。胰腺炎可导致顽固性疼痛,长期依赖鸦片类止痛片,以至于生活质量下降,全胰腺切除的目的就是减少疼痛。囊性纤维化跨膜调节基因的突变也增加了胰腺癌的发生。高达3/4的患者同时患有糖尿病。

胰腺炎的标准治疗包括药物治疗、疼痛管理、内镜治疗和外科手术。一些医疗中心使用逐步外科手术法,由导管疏通,再部分切除,最后全部切除。目前的观点是尽量避免导管疏通和局部切除操作,因为当部分胰腺组织残留时病人会反复感到疼痛,且任何术前操作都会降低可供移植的胰岛质量。

胰腺切除后将胰岛细胞收集起来注入门静脉,PET显像显示输注的胰岛细胞只有一半在肝脏中定植。这是一个需要10-12小时的复杂手术。移植后的胰岛细胞将在数周甚至数月后才开始产生胰岛素。所有的病人需要外源性胰岛素直到移植的胰岛细胞开始工作。胰岛细胞发挥功能及病人的存活率是98.5%,85%病人的疼痛和糖尿病得到改善。自体移植的胰岛一般在5年内会耗尽,一些患者可以更长,这个记录由一名妇女保持是13年,她死于其他不相干的疾病。一份还未发表的数据显示23名患者在胰岛移植后6年,平均空腹血糖为103 mg/dl,平均糖化血红蛋白为6.3%。87%的患者存在低血糖,最低血糖是40mg/dl,低血糖事件与饮食及运动有关。

血糖控制好的病人,其移植成活率也越高。脂毒性也是个问题,甘油三酯水平低于65mg/dl的患者,其移植成活率也较高。肝脏不是个理想的移植部位。上肢是一个潜在的较好的选择。 在小鼠的眼球内移植较肝脏移植有更好的效果。肌肉内移植至少在人类与小鼠都获得了成功。

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    2013-09-19 baoya
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