HBV感染相关肝功能衰竭的抗病毒治疗

2012-06-19 庞琳娜 同济医学院同济医院

作者:华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院 马科 宁琴       HBV感染相关肝功能衰竭包括急、慢性HBV感染时发生的急剧恶化、肝功能衰竭或肝功能失代偿。HBV相关急性肝功能衰竭(Acute Liver Failure,ALF)可发生在急性HBV感染后(HBV-ALF),或发生在慢性HBV感染恶化时,即HBV相关性慢加急性肝衰竭(HBV-related A

作者:华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院 马科 宁琴

       HBV感染相关肝功能衰竭包括急、慢性HBV感染时发生的急剧恶化、肝功能衰竭或肝功能失代偿。HBV相关急性肝功能衰竭(Acute Liver Failure,ALF)可发生在急性HBV感染后(HBV-ALF),或发生在慢性HBV感染恶化时,即HBV相关性慢加急性肝衰竭(HBV-related Acute-on-chronic Liver Failure,HBV-ACLF)。如果不能明确患者是否有HBV感染既往史,两者在临床上往往很难区分。HBV感染相关肝功能衰竭患者的抗病毒治疗必须弄清几个问题:抗病毒治疗是否能改善预后?何时开始治疗?选择何种药物?
  
     
 抗病毒治疗是否能改善预后?——是的
  
       在早期的多数研究中,用拉米夫定(LAM)治疗乙型肝炎重症化患者并不能有效改善肝功能和生存率。但2003年,台湾的一项研究结果显示,基线总胆红素低于20 mg/dL(342 mmol/L)的患者使用LAM可改善生存率。2006年Tillmann等的一项小样本研究(n=17)发现,LAM治疗的患者无肝移植生存率(82.4%)显著高于历史对照组(20%,P<0.001)。提示LAM治疗严重急性或暴发性乙型肝炎患者是安全的,可早期应用以防止肝功能衰竭和肝移植,促使患者快速恢复。Wong等在2009年的一篇综述中提出,在慢性乙型肝炎重症化过程中抗病毒治疗对近期存活率无明显影响,但可能防止病情进一步恶化。2011年Wong等在J Hepatol杂志发表了一项用恩替卡韦(ETV)治疗慢性乙型肝炎急性重症化患者的研究,认为ETV治疗增加了慢性乙型肝炎急性重症化患者的短期(48周)死亡率,但从病毒学应答看,可获得比LAM更好的效果。
  
       Sun等进行了一项回顾性队列研究,130例HBV-ACLF患者用LAM治疗,另外130例HBV-ACLF患者未用抗病毒药作为对照,LAM治疗组的累积生存率显著高于对照组(P=0.0021)。高病毒载量组(HBV DNA≥1×10^5 copies/mL)的死亡率(74.7%,71/95)显著高于低病毒载量组(HBV DNA<1×10^5 copies/mL)(51.7%,15/29),P=0.019。而且Cox风险因素分析显示治疗前HBV DNA载量低(P=0.007)和治疗中HBV DNA载量迅速下降(P=0.003)是治疗好转的预测因子,P值分别为0.007和0.003。
  
       目前越来越多的研究认为,在HBV感染相关肝功能衰竭早期,给予HBV DNA阳性患者抗病毒治疗可延缓疾病进展、改善近期生存率。
  
 
     何时开始抗病毒治疗?——早期
  
       Yu等在急性重症乙型肝炎患者中发现,LAM治疗组(n=40)的死亡率(7.5%,3/40)显著低于对照组(n=40)(25.0%,10/40),P=0.034。1周内接受LAM治疗的患者发生肝衰竭的比例(8.7%,2/23)显著低于1周后开始抗病毒治疗的患者(35.3%,6/17)(P=0.038)。Cox风险因素分析显示,治疗期间HBV DNA载量迅速下降(P=0.017)是预后好转的预测因子。所以急性重症乙型肝炎患者早期抗病毒治疗可使HBV DNA明显下降,临床症状得以改善并降低死亡率。
  
     
 选择何种药物?——强效、低耐药的核苷(酸)类似物
  
       近年来,核苷(酸)类似物的发展迅速,除LAM外,更强效的病毒抑制剂如ETV、替诺福韦酯(TDF)等已应用于临床。印度学者Garg等发现TDF治疗HBV-ACLF患者可显著降低HBV DNA水平,提高患者CTP和MELD积分,并降低病死率。治疗2周后HBV DNA下降超过2 log copies/mL是预后较好的预测指标。
  
       我们研究所对临床特征匹配的248例HBV-ACLF患者进行了回顾性分析,观察了ETV治疗HBV-ACLF的安全性和有效性。ETV联合标准内科治疗组患者(n=124)的1个月和3个月生存率分别为72.58%(90/124)和61.29%(76/124),显著高于历史回顾数据(53.23%,P=0.002)和仅采用标准内科治疗的对照组(45.97%,P=0.022)。ETV治疗组的MELD评分较对照组有显著改善(21.02 ± 11.28 vs. 25.13 ± 11.62,P=0.007)。Logistic回归分析显示,INR、出现两种以上并发症和高总胆红素血症是患者预后的独立预测因素。我们据此建立了TPPM预后预测模型用以预测HBV-ACLF患者的预后。与MELD评分相比,对HBV感染所致ACLF患者,本模型的灵敏度和特异性均优于MELD模型。目前我们正在大样本患者群中验证此模型。
  
       HBV感染相关肝功能衰竭时干扰素应用属禁忌,核苷(酸)类似物选择应以强效、快速抑制病毒和高耐药基因屏障为选择标准。目前并不推荐初始联合治疗,因其不能提高病毒学应答的疗效,除非基线HBV DNA非常高。但如果患者既往使用过核苷(酸)类似物,那么应选择无交叉耐药的药物,最好是加药联合治疗。在抗病毒治疗中如果发现病毒耐药,应按照指南推荐意见处理。
  
       综上所述,HBV感染相关肝功能衰竭时需早期应用强效、低耐药核苷(酸)类似物抗病毒治疗,初治患者可选择ETV或TDF。治疗中,由于HBV感染相关肝功能衰竭患者肝肾功能下降,容易出现核苷(酸)类似物的毒副作用,还应密切监测乳酸酸中毒和肾毒性的发生。

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    2013-05-19 klivis
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    2012-06-21 yahu
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