如何尽早发现小儿先心病?

2016-09-28 南京军区福州总医院儿科 李政 医学界儿科频道

先天性心脏病是最常见的出生缺陷疾病。轻者无症状,仅在查体时发现;重者可有活动后呼吸困难、紫绀、晕厥等,患儿可能会出现生长发育迟缓。随着心血管医学的快速发展,许多常见的先天性心脏病得到准确的诊断和合理的治疗,病死率已显著下降。因此,早期发现、早期治疗极为必要。南京军区福州总医院儿科陈新民主任医师介绍说,先天性心脏病具有一定程度的家族发病趋势,可能因父母生殖细胞、染色体畸变所引起的。遗传学研究认为,多

先天性心脏病是最常见的出生缺陷疾病。轻者无症状,仅在查体时发现;重者可有活动后呼吸困难、紫绀、晕厥等,患儿可能会出现生长发育迟缓。随着心血管医学的快速发展,许多常见的先天性心脏病得到准确的诊断和合理的治疗,病死率已显著下降。因此,早期发现、早期治疗极为必要。


南京军区福州总医院儿科陈新民主任医师介绍说,先天性心脏病具有一定程度的家族发病趋势,可能因父母生殖细胞、染色体畸变所引起的。遗传学研究认为,多数的先天性心脏病是由多个基因与环境因素相互作用所形成。


先天性心脏病是胎儿时期心脏血管发育异常所致的心血管畸形,是小儿最常见的心脏疾病。其发病率约占出生婴儿的0.8%。发病可能与遗传尤其是染色体易位与畸变、宫内感染、大剂量放射性接触和药物等因素有关。怀孕初期2——3个月内,是人胚胎发育时期,由于心脏及大血管的形成障碍而引起的局部解剖结构异常,或出生后应自动关闭的通道未能闭合的心脏,称为先天性心脏病。除个别小的房间隔缺损、室间隔缺损等在5岁前有自愈的机会,绝大多数需手术治疗。临床上以心功能不全、发育不良等为主要表现。


这类患儿常出现呼吸急促、青紫,尤其注意青紫出现时的年龄、时间,与哭叫、运动等有无关系,是阵发性的还是持续性的。心力衰竭症状:心率增快(可达180次/分),呼吸急促(50次/分——100次/分),烦躁不安,吃奶时因呼吸困难和哮喘样发作而停顿等。反复发作或迁延不愈的呼吸道感染,面色苍白、哭声低、呻吟、声音嘶哑等,也提示有先天性心脏病的可能。


还有,体格检查发现有心脏典型的器质性杂音,心音低钝、心律失常、心脏增大、肝大时,应进一步检查排除先天性心脏病。先天性心脏病患儿往往营养不良、躯体瘦小、体重不增、发育迟缓等,并可有蹲踞现象,即患有紫绀型先天性心脏病的患儿,常在活动后出现蹲踞,蹲踞下肢屈曲,可增加体循环阻力,减少右向左分流,使肺血量增多,同时可使下腔静脉回心血量明显减少,从而提高体循环血氧饱和度,可防止昏晕感。


临床上,还可以通过X线、超声心动图、心电图、心血管造影、螺旋CT等检查,综合分析判断,以明确先天性心脏病的诊断。

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    2016-09-30 飛鹰

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    2016-09-30 飛鹰

    学习并分享

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    2016-09-30 ssnine