肺转移瘤的13个不典型表现(下)

2016-12-05 张嵩讲堂 整理自医生站“张嵩讲堂”系列讲座

导语:肺外肿瘤都是通过哪些途径转移到肺脏?每种转移瘤的影像学表现又有何特征?张嵩老师将结合6个精彩病例为您解答。7.肿瘤性动脉栓塞:在尸检恶性肿瘤发生率3%-26%,腺癌常见。原发灶多为肺癌、胃癌、乳腺癌、肾癌、绒癌、肝癌、前列腺癌等。与血行性转移瘤不同的是肿瘤性栓塞位于血管内,无血管外增殖,部分位于中小动脉,增强扫描表现为主肺动脉或叶、段肺动脉充盈缺损,小动脉分支突然截断和扭曲,偶可见亚段肺动脉

导语:肺外肿瘤都是通过哪些途径转移到肺脏?每种转移瘤的影像学表现又有何特征?张嵩老师将结合6个精彩病例为您解答。


7.肿瘤性动脉栓塞:


在尸检恶性肿瘤发生率3%-26%,腺癌常见。原发灶多为肺癌、胃癌乳腺癌、肾癌、绒癌、肝癌、前列腺癌等。与血行性转移瘤不同的是肿瘤性栓塞位于血管内,无血管外增殖,部分位于中小动脉,增强扫描表现为主肺动脉或叶、段肺动脉充盈缺损,小动脉分支突然截断和扭曲,偶可见亚段肺动脉内充盈缺损。


大量瘤细胞栓塞肺小动脉或毛细血管时可仅显示肺动脉高压征象。分为中心型栓子和周围型栓子,后者多见。前者与肺动脉栓塞不易区分,增强后见强化为其特点。


周围型肺动脉内瘤栓常位于胸膜下,肺动脉分支局部增粗、扭曲,可见树芽征,与小气道病变的气道树芽征鉴别是与其肺动脉相连。


血管内瘤栓常伴发于其他类型的肺转移,特别是癌性淋巴管炎。


当单独存在时,影像学上很难做出诊断。由于肿瘤患者较易发生血栓性静脉炎及肺的血栓栓塞,尽管在临床上这两种栓塞的治疗和预后与瘤栓截然不同,但它们与肿瘤栓塞之间的鉴别极为困难。


病例1



肉瘤样癌并动脉血栓、自发性气胸

病例2



女,41岁,右肺腺癌


8.栗粒型转移:


弥漫栗粒性转移颇似栗粒型肺结核,CT表现双肺弥漫多发、大小不等、密度不均、形态相似、边界清楚的结节,呈上肺野相对较少、中下肺野周边及肺底居多的分布,同时伴有纵隔淋巴结肿大及其他脏器转移,病理机制可能与肺血供上少下多,肺小动脉位于外周以及肿瘤栓子一次多量或短期多次进入血液有关。


病例3


甲状腺乳头状癌伴栗粒型肺转移



肺癌伴栗粒型肺转移


9.晕征:


即结节周围模糊影,肺结节病灶周围模糊影即晕圈征常代表伴有炎性渗出或伴有出血,对转移瘤则代表:


(1)瘤周出血;


(2)肿瘤细胞向周围浸润;


(3)支气管黏膜下转移导致阻塞性炎症。


病例4


血管肉瘤瘤周出血


10.转移瘤内血管扩张:


增强CT检查发现,转移性肺结节内有时可见扩张、扭曲的管状强化结构,系肿瘤血管,为肺动脉被肿瘤阻塞并扩大所致。


小的和中等大小的肺动脉呈分枝状结节样扩张,常见于肉瘤,如蜂窝状软骨肉瘤或平滑肌肉瘤。


病例5



11.净化转移和转移的自发消失:


净化转移是指肺转移结节经有效化疗后其大小保持稳定不变或缩小,组织学检查显示结节坏死伴或不伴纤维化,无残存恶性细胞的证据。睾丸癌、绒毛膜癌、生殖细胞肿瘤及偶尔其他恶性肿瘤的肺转移经化疗后可发生此种情况。除组织学检查外,临床上很难判断是否属净化转移。


肿瘤学标记物如人绒毛膜促性腺激素(β-HCG)、甲胎蛋白(AFP)的检测有助于确定其活性。PET检查结节的生物学活性也有助于鉴别诊断,必要时可行穿刺活检。绝少数情况下,原发瘤经手术切除、放疗或化疗后,肺转移瘤可自发性消失,其机理至今不明。


12.良性肿瘤肺转移:


在绝少数情况下,肺外良性肿瘤亦可发生肺转移,如子宫平滑肌瘤、子宫葡萄胎、骨巨细胞瘤、软骨母细胞瘤、腮腺多形性腺瘤及脑膜瘤等,其机制不明,可能系脱落细胞经血运迁移至肺所致。CT上除结节生长非常缓慢外,与一般转移结节无任何区别。


病例5


子宫肌瘤肺转移


13. 迟发性肺转移瘤:


可以根据肺转移瘤出现的时间,分为以下类型:


1)早发性肺转移瘤:原发病灶未发现之前出现的肺转移瘤;


2)即发性肺转移瘤:原发病灶发现3年以内出现的肺转移瘤;


3)晚发性肺转移瘤:原发病灶发现3-10年出现的肺转移瘤;


4)迟发性肺转移瘤:原发病灶发现10年以上出现的肺转移瘤。


肺转移瘤具有来源的多源性、病理机制的复杂性、肺血循环的双重性和影像表现的多样性,同一种原发肿瘤可表现为不同类型转移瘤,而不同原发肿瘤也可表现为同一类型转移瘤形态。


甲状腺癌肺部转移以粟粒型多见;滋养细胞癌肺部转移多数为边缘光整的肿块,少数为边缘模糊的云雾状,切除原发灶并加以合适的化疗, 病灶可短期内缩小甚至消失;肺空洞样转移瘤头颈部肿瘤或其它部位肉瘤多见,亦可见消化道和生殖细胞肿瘤;癌性淋巴管炎多见于乳腺及消化系统肿瘤;肺转移灶内出现钙化,特别是团块状或斑片状钙化,多见于成骨肉瘤和软骨肉瘤。


当原发病灶不能被发现,而以肺转移灶为首发症状和体征时,可结合具体情况有目的地寻找原发灶,尽快制定治疗方案。

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    2017-08-16 yaanren
  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1898625, encodeId=45b1189862562, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e5062028978' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#不典型#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=26, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=20289, encryptionId=e5062028978, topicName=不典型)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=102a153, createdName=yaanren, createdTime=Wed Aug 16 14:14:00 CST 2017, time=2017-08-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=166185, encodeId=7908166185f5, content=受益匪浅,谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20161017/IMG5804CC6615D212822.jpg, createdBy=39cf1666406, createdName=星海孤魂, createdTime=Wed Dec 28 00:00:43 CST 2016, time=2016-12-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1555512, encodeId=e46d155551245, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6d4f8232623' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肺转移#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=24, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=82326, encryptionId=6d4f8232623, topicName=肺转移)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=9b6914619384, createdName=licz0428, createdTime=Wed Dec 07 08:14:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=160645, encodeId=183e16064505, content=知识让我受益, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=5a431926374, createdName=1e0bc67dm33(暂无匿称), createdTime=Tue Dec 06 09:56:43 CST 2016, time=2016-12-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=160601, encodeId=a3ff1606015e, content=继续关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Tue Dec 06 08:21:12 CST 2016, time=2016-12-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2076051, encodeId=126a20e6051d8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8a3b93455ec' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#转移瘤#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=93455, encryptionId=8a3b93455ec, topicName=转移瘤)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3eaf430, createdName=bsmagic9132, createdTime=Mon Sep 11 14:14:00 CST 2017, time=2017-09-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-12-28 星海孤魂

    受益匪浅,谢谢分享!

    0

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  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1898625, encodeId=45b1189862562, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e5062028978' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#不典型#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=26, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=20289, encryptionId=e5062028978, topicName=不典型)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=102a153, createdName=yaanren, createdTime=Wed Aug 16 14:14:00 CST 2017, time=2017-08-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=166185, encodeId=7908166185f5, content=受益匪浅,谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20161017/IMG5804CC6615D212822.jpg, createdBy=39cf1666406, createdName=星海孤魂, createdTime=Wed Dec 28 00:00:43 CST 2016, time=2016-12-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1555512, encodeId=e46d155551245, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6d4f8232623' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肺转移#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=24, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=82326, encryptionId=6d4f8232623, topicName=肺转移)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=9b6914619384, createdName=licz0428, createdTime=Wed Dec 07 08:14:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=160645, encodeId=183e16064505, content=知识让我受益, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=5a431926374, createdName=1e0bc67dm33(暂无匿称), createdTime=Tue Dec 06 09:56:43 CST 2016, time=2016-12-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=160601, encodeId=a3ff1606015e, content=继续关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Tue Dec 06 08:21:12 CST 2016, time=2016-12-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2076051, encodeId=126a20e6051d8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8a3b93455ec' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#转移瘤#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=93455, encryptionId=8a3b93455ec, topicName=转移瘤)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3eaf430, createdName=bsmagic9132, createdTime=Mon Sep 11 14:14:00 CST 2017, time=2017-09-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-12-06 1e0bc67dm33(暂无匿称)

    知识让我受益

    0

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    2016-12-06 doctorJiangchao

    继续关注

    0

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