骨与软组织肿瘤NGS中国专家共识(2021年版)

2022-09-07 e药安全 网络

骨与软组织肿瘤属于罕见肿瘤,但其亚型众多,且肉瘤性病变恶性程度高、预后差,给临床诊治带来巨大挑战。

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骨与软组织肿瘤属于罕见肿瘤,但其亚型众多,且肉瘤性病变恶性程度高、预后差,给临床诊治带来巨大挑战。

随着新的分子检测手段的开展和应用,基于特定基因异常的新病种也在不断涌现,以往一些分化不明或未分化的肿瘤经过分子检测也得到了重新认识,骨与软组织肿瘤分类的基础正在从形态学分类转向分子分类。

骨与软组织肿瘤的诊断

骨与软组织肿瘤的病理诊断目前仍基于传统的形态学观察,辅以免疫组织化学(IHC)标记。随着分子检测技术的不断开展和推广,以NGS为代表的新型检测技术在骨与软组织肿瘤的诊治和预后判断中将会发挥越来越重要的作用。

共识1:推荐常规病理学检查不能明确诊断的骨与软组织肿瘤患者进行NGS检测

表1:常规病理学手段难以明确诊断需要进行NGS检测的骨与软组织肿瘤

共识2:推荐常规分子学检测结果为阴性的骨与软组织肿瘤患者使用(DNA+RNA)NGS技术或平台进行复检

NGS检测在技术和临床诊疗中具有一定优势:

1)可以同时涵盖数百个基因,检测范围更广;

2)同时检测所有位点的多种变异类型,避免遗漏某些变异类型,可为初诊患者提供完整的精准分型及治疗策略指导;

3)可以评估肿瘤突变负荷(TMB)和微卫星不稳定性(MSI)等免疫治疗相关的分子标志物;

4)避免单基因检测带来的样本耗竭和时间延误,可以快速地为后续评估提供依据。因此,建议传统检测为阴性的样本使用NGS复检。当患者出现疾病进展时,可再次进行全面的基因检测,有助于发现潜在的耐药机制和新的标靶,为下一步治疗方案的选择提供依据。

表2:临床检测技术的全面对比

基因融合是骨与软组织肿瘤常见的变异形式。在目前报道的近10 000个基因融合中,约90%通过NGS方法鉴定,包括DNA测序(DNA-seq)和RNA测序(RNA-seq)。越来越多的研究表明,RNA-seq是DNA-seq的补充,能检测到DNA-seq未检测到的融合。

共识3:推荐常规分子学检测与NGS检测有差异的骨与软组织肿瘤患者,考虑第3种检测进行验证

骨与软组织肿瘤的治疗

共识4:推荐考虑接受特异性靶向治疗的骨与软组织肿瘤患者,通过NGS技术或平台验证靶向药物相关的基因或潜在基因

靶向治疗通常用于不可切除或晚期骨与软组织肿瘤的二线治疗,但特定的靶向药物可以考虑用于特定类型不可切除或晚期骨与软组织肿瘤的一线治疗。目前,可以使进展期患者获益的靶向药物见下表。

此外,抗血管多靶点类药物的靶点主要为血管内皮生长因子受体(VEGFR)及其他酪氨酸激酶。在骨与软组织肿瘤中,如安罗替尼已获得中国国家药品监督管理局(NMPA)批准,帕唑帕尼获得美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)批准,瑞戈非尼用于非特异性组织学亚型软组织肉瘤(非脂肪肉瘤)获得《NCCN软组织肉瘤临床实践指南》推荐;重组人血管内皮抑制素获得《2018CSCO经典型骨肉瘤诊疗指南》推荐。

共识5:推荐进展期骨与软组织肿瘤患者,分别采用IHC和NGS检测PD-L1、MSI、TMB等免疫治疗相关分子标志物,根据结果辅助免疫治疗

共识6:推荐既往治疗失败且无有效替代方案的骨与软组织肿瘤患者进行NGS检测,以寻找匹配的临床试验机会

NGS检测样本类型和流程规范

共识7:骨与软组织肿瘤的NGS样本采集应符合规范要求

共识8:骨与软组织肿瘤的NGS生物信息学分析应符合规范要求,配备完善的标准分析及质量控制流程

共识9:推荐有美国病理学家协会(CAP)/美国临床实验室改进法案修正案(CLIA)/中国合格评定国家认可委员会(CNAS)认证或认可的实验室进行NGS检测。

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    2021-11-10 Tommy1949
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    2021-11-10 qilu_qi

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