病例分析丨局部晚期直肠癌治疗,如何很大程度提高pCR率?

2018-07-16 杜丰 医学界肿瘤频道

47岁女性,大便带血2月,肠镜示距肛门口5cm蕈伞状肿物,部分阻塞肠管。病理示中分化腺癌,微卫星状态稳定。盆腔CT及MRI见直肠周围脂肪间隙小淋巴结,肿瘤侵及直肠周围脂肪,未累及周围筋膜。

病例展示

47岁女性,大便带血2月,肠镜示距肛门口5cm蕈伞状肿物,部分阻塞肠管。病理示中分化腺癌,微卫星状态稳定。盆腔CT及MRI见直肠周围脂肪间隙小淋巴结,肿瘤侵及直肠周围脂肪,未累及周围筋膜。

II-III期直肠癌,现有标准治疗为3联方案:术前同步放化疗(CRT)+手术+辅助化疗。多项研究证实术前CRT在局部控制率、保肛率方面优于术后CRT。

pCR的意义

病理完全缓解(pCR)患者预后很好,局部控制率和总生存率很高,5年生存率可达到95%以上。近年提出,经严格评估预测可获得pCR的患者,甚至可以不进行手术,采取等待观察策略(Watch-and-Wait),避免手术对生活质量的损害,也规避术后并发症风险。

预测可能获得pCR的患者,目前仍具有挑战性。首先要有精确预测pCR的技术路线,其次需要患者的高度配合理解。高质量多学科团队的共同协作,包括内镜、影像、内科、外科、放疗等多专业医生的参与必不可少。同时需要经验的逐渐积累,以及与患者充分沟通。

围绕提高pCR率,近年展开了各种尝试。总结有以下方法:

(1) 延长CRT与手术的间隔期;

(2)采用TNT策略(Total Neoadjuvant Therapy),在 手术前给予全身化疗 ;

(3)CRT中联合更强的化疗药物。



CRT与手术的间隔时间

两者间更长的间隔时间能带来更高的pCR率。原因在于CRT疗效的延后性:结束CRT后,放射线对肿瘤细胞有持续杀伤作用。

Lyon研究中,相比间隔2周,延长间隔时间到6-8周显著提高了pCR率(26% vs.10%)。一项META分析同样支持更长的间隔时间带来更高的pCR率(大于6-8周 19.5% vs. 小于6-8周 13.7%)。

间隔时间超过8周需谨慎。过于延迟手术并不能增加pCR率,反而增加盆腔纤维化和术后并发症[4]。如图,间隔11周手术和间隔7周的患者相比,pCR率无明显差别。但术后并发症却明显增加(32.8% v 19.2),直肠系膜完整切除率明显下降(78.7% v 90%)



TNT策略的应用

TNT策略,是指把所有新辅助治疗方法用在手术前,包括CRT和化疗,术后不再给予辅助治疗。这一策略理论上能够获得最大化的局部疗效,降低远处转移风险,患者耐受性也比术后辅助化疗高。

一项2期研究在此方面进行了探索。如下图,四组患者间隔期逐渐拉长,同时组2,3,4患者间隔期化疗周期数逐渐增加。



结果显示:最长间隔期+最多化疗周期=最高pCR率。当然这一结果还需在3期随机临床研究中验证。



提前化疗的介入时机,采用诱导化疗-CRT-手术的顺序,是另一种TNT方案。这样治疗的患者,27%获得pCR,近一半患者肿瘤缩小超过90%。

MSKCC正在开展一项研究比较两种TNT治疗方案的有效性,同时评估根据内镜、MRI和临床判断为完全缓解的患者,采用非手术治疗的疗效。



CRT中使用联合化疗

目前CRT中化疗常用的是5-FU类单药。多项研究尝试在其基础上加用奥沙利铂,期望提高pCR。

结果并不尽如人意,CRT中应用5-FU+奥沙利铂的方案增加了毒性,却没有提高pCR率,也没有提高保肛率(SSS,sphincter-saving surgery)和手术降期率(SD,surgical downstaging)。



另一项研究中,延长了随访时间,主要终点改为3年无病生存期,最终取得阳性结果,联合方案组75.9%,显著优于单药组71.2%。但主要终点的更改似乎远离了提高pCR率的初衷。


其他尝试

短程放疗:RAPIDO研究探索短程放疗(5GyX5次)后,序贯XELOX化疗和手术。短程放疗与手术之间的间隔通常是1周。Stockholm III研究探索短程放疗后4-8周再手术的效果似乎优于间隔1周(pCR率:11.8% v 1.7%)。

单纯新辅助化疗:正在入组的PROSPECT研究探索对于新辅助FOLFOX方案反应良好的患者,能否去掉放疗。

治疗建议

根据TNT策略:当患者没有巨大肿块、没有N2及以上淋巴结转移,没有出现严重肿瘤相关症状时,可采用 CRT-间隔期FOLFOX-全系膜切除术;

当患者有明显梗阻、直肠出血或广泛盆腔淋巴结转移时,可选择诱导FOLFOX化疗-同步放化疗-全系膜切除术。这类患者在诱导化疗后,能获得迅速的症状缓解,能更好耐受同步放化疗。接受TNT治疗的患者可不再接受术后辅助化疗。

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    2019-06-06 zhyy88
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    2018-07-18 chg122
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    2018-07-18 Tommy1950
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    2018-07-17 虈亣靌

    优质资源.共同学习

    0

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    2018-07-16 胡一

    还是没有讲透如何提高的可行性办法啊

    0

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由此可见,在CADASIL患者发展到最后阶段之前很长一段时间内,局部宏观皮质病变可以通过使用特定的磁共振成像方法来进行检测。这些皮质变化的潜在机制和精确的临床结局仍然需要进一步研究来确定。

JAMA Oncol: Durvalumab在局部晚期或转移性尿路上皮癌中疗效如何?

一项1/2期开放研究的中期结果表明,铂治疗后局部晚期/转移性尿路上皮癌患者中,durvalumab具有良好的耐受性和抗肿瘤活性,这促成了durvalumab在美国的获批。然而,更长期的结果如何?伦敦大学玛丽皇后学院Barts癌症研究所癌症实验医学中心的Thomas Powles博士更新这一研究结果。8月17日,《JAMA Oncology》在线刊登。

ESMO Asia:PACIFIC研究:Durvalumab显著延长局部晚期NSCLC的PFS

2017年11月17日,2017年ESMO Asia会议在新加坡隆重举行,多项重磅研究在本次大会上公布。PACIFIC研究在2017年ESMO大会上重磅发布,引发了免疫治疗的一场海啸。在无法手术切除的局部晚期(III期)非小细胞肺癌患者,在接受标准含铂的同步放化疗 (CRT) 后,未发生疾病进展患者中,Durvalumab维持治疗对比安慰剂,可以显着延长患者PFS 达11个月,Durvalumab