Nature报道清华大学重磅论文:镜中的生物世界

2016-05-19 佚名 药明康德

5月16日,《Nature Chemisty》刊发了一篇来自清华大学朱听博士团队的重磅文章,激起了合成生物学领域的热烈讨论。在论文中,研究人员构造了一种蛋白质,使它能够完成“复制DNA,并将它转录为RNA”这分子生物学最核心的进程之一。


5月16日,《Nature Chemisty》刊发了一篇来自清华大学朱听博士团队的重磅文章,激起了合成生物学领域的热烈讨论。在论文中,研究人员构造了一种蛋白质,使它能够完成“复制DNA,并将它转录为RNA”这分子生物学最核心的进程之一。乍听之下,这似乎没有什么令人惊奇的地方——我们有许多蛋白质可以完成这样的工作,朱听博士团队构造的这个蛋白有何惊人之处?答案在于它与我们已知的任何一种蛋白都不一样。从结构上看,它是一种DNA聚合酶的“镜像”。而从意义上说,它为我们打开了一探镜中生物学世界的窗口。


研究主要负责人朱听博士

要明白这项研究的意义,还要从我们生存的这个现实世界说起。组成生命体的许多有机分子具有“手性”,这就好像我们的左手与右手一样,看上去互为对方的镜像。但正如我们在日常生活中更偏好使用某一只手,生物体也更偏好使用有机分子中的某一种形式。比如说,地球上绝大多数生物利用的几乎都是左旋氨基酸与右旋糖分子,极少出现例外。科学家们对为什么会出现“手性选择”尚无一个定论。这或许纯粹是生物演化道路上的偶然,抑或有着我们还不明了的物理或化学原理。这不禁让人想问,有没有可能存在一个镜像的生物世界,里头的生物体使用的是手性截然相反的分子?

朱听博士的团队让人类在回答这个问题的道路上迈出了重要一步。他们从分子生物学的中心法则入手,研究完全利用右旋氨基酸构造的蛋白质能否正确行使DNA聚合酶的功能。常规的DNA聚合酶一般含有600多个氨基酸,这超出了目前合成生物学的能力所及。因此朱听博士团队将目标转向了已知最小的DNA聚合酶,并成功合成了这个由174个右旋氨基酸组成的分子。在后续的测试中,研究人员发现这个右旋的DNA合成酶能够顺利地利用左旋核糖分子,合成左旋的DNA。此外,这个分子也能利用左旋DNA为模板,合成左旋的RNA。这一切都与自然界中存在的DNA聚合酶截然相反,因此也证实了镜中生物世界的可行性。


镜像分子(右)拥有和自然分子(左)同样的DNA合成能力

这项研究还有更多现实生活中的意义。如果有朝一日我们能用右旋氨基酸构造出更多蛋白质,或许能有效地预防或治疗一些疾病。这是由于在演化的过程中,所有致病病毒与蛋白酶针对的都是以左旋氨基酸为构成元件的蛋白质。因此,由右旋氨基酸组成的蛋白质可以让致病病毒失去目标,起到预防的作用。同时,那些具有治疗效果的蛋白质也能有效地避免被蛋白酶降解,延长在体内起效的时间。

对于这项研究,2009年诺贝尔奖得主,哈佛大学的分子生物学家Jack Szostak博士以及另一名哈佛大学的知名生物学家George Church博士均给出了高度评价。Church博士认为这项研究是一座“里程碑”,并让镜像生物学研究领域“充满活力”。

原始出处:

Zimou Wang,Weiliang Xu,Lei Liu& Ting F. Zhu.A synthetic molecular system capable of mirror-image genetic replication and transcription.Nature Chemistry (2016) doi:10.1038/nchem.2517.Published online 16 May 2016

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    2016-12-08 liye789132251
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    2016-05-21 医生2397
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    2016-05-21 xxxx1054
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    2016-05-20 詹鱼

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