PHILIPS每日一例:肾表皮样囊肿的影像学表现1例

2022-09-05 放射沙龙 医学理论与实践

本病多见于30~40岁的患者,男女比例为1.3∶15,该病一般病程较长,进展缓慢,肿瘤直径多超过5 cm,可无任何临床症状或表现非特异性临床症状。

肾脏表皮样囊肿临床罕见,术前易误诊,本文对1例经手术病理证实的肾脏表皮样囊肿的临床和影像资料分析,并结合文献,以提高对该病的认识。

1.资料与方法

1.1临床资料

患者,男,30岁,1个月前开始出现上腹胀满、不适,无恶心、呕吐、无发热、腹泻、无黑便及陶土样便。查体:腹平软,上腹可触及一类圆形肿物,约10 cm×10 cm大小,压痛,固定,腹部无反跳痛及肌紧张,移动性浊音(-),肠鸣音4~6次/min,未闻及气过水声。

1.2检查方法

常规肠道准备,空腹,检查前口服温开水300ml,采用东芝Aquilion16层多排螺旋CT扫描仪。扫描参数:电流250mA,电压120kV,层厚7mm,扫描范围:自右膈顶至髂棘水平,平扫后行增强扫描,经肘静脉用高压注射器静脉团注碘普罗胺100ml,注射速度3.5ml/s,注射对比剂后行肾区多期动态增强扫描,包括皮质期(开始注射对比剂后30s)、髓质期(开始注射对比剂后60s)、排泄期(开始注射对比剂后120s)扫描,患者在扫描期间屏气。

2.结果

2.1CT表现

右肾区可见巨大囊性占位,大小约为7 cm×12 cm,壁薄,其内可见分隔,内、后壁略增厚,增厚的内侧壁局部见点状钙斑,囊液水样密度,内可见片絮状稍高,密度影腔内可见一结节与增厚的后壁广基(图1),静脉注射对比剂后囊壁及囊内分隔强化,尤以增厚部分强化明显,囊液及囊内结节无明显强化(图2)。

2.2手术及病理结果

右肾内侧下极巨大囊性肿物,呈暗红色,与腹膜粘连较重,肿物来源于右肾,电钩切开囊壁,流出大量黄白色黏稠糊状物。病理:右肾表皮样囊肿,HE染色病理片示囊壁部分内衬鳞状上皮,囊内充满大量角化物(图3)

3.1病因

表皮样囊肿的病因有多种说法,大致分为先天性和获得性两类,先天性为胚胎早期神经沟封闭时皮肤外胚层残留下来发展而成,获得性多为外伤手术等将表皮带入深部组织内继续增殖生长后形成,多见于手指、手掌、足跖或手术创伤等部位。

表皮样囊肿多发生于体表,很少发生于实体器官,肾脏表皮样囊肿临床罕见,目前国内外少有类似病例报道,其中有学者提出肾脏和输尿管表皮样囊肿可能与体外碎石致上皮细胞损伤后受结石刺激导致上皮细胞化生所致。目前关于肾表皮样囊肿的发病机制有待进一步研究。

3.2临床表现

本病多见于30~40岁的患者,男女比例为1.3∶15,该病一般病程较长,进展缓慢,肿瘤直径多超过5 cm,可无任何临床症状或表现非特异性临床症状,有文献报道232例肾表皮样囊肿,以肾绞痛、血尿为首发症状,本例病灶直径10 cm,以腹胀满不适就诊。

3.3影像表现

影像学检查是诊断和鉴别诊断体内囊性病变的主要方法,正确的诊断为制定治疗计划和随访提供了指导,但有关肾脏表皮样囊肿的影像学报道极少,且多为病例报道。回顾文献及本例病例资料,总结表皮样囊肿的影像学表现如下:表皮样囊肿典型CT表现为囊内液呈水样密度,边缘光整,囊壁薄而均匀,部分少见病例囊内可见分隔,囊壁呈不均匀增厚,偶见钙斑,囊内可见高密度团块或絮状物,注药后病灶囊壁及分隔不强化或轻度强化,囊液及囊内容物无强化。

本例右肾表皮样囊肿呈巨大分隔性囊性包块,内下壁不均匀增厚,囊内密度不均,可见高密度结节及絮状物,注药后囊壁及分隔轻度强化,囊液及内容物无明显强化,与文献报道相符。

MRI对显示表皮样囊肿内容物较CT更具优势,囊液内不定形团块状,云絮状或结节状角化物,在T2WI上呈高低混杂信号,T1WI呈等或稍高信号,因囊内含胶质碎屑、固态胆固醇结晶及其他类脂质等,角化鳞状上皮细胞不断脱落和崩解产物,故DWI呈高信号,这些角化物的存在,使得表皮样囊肿的MRI表现具有一定特征;另外MRI在肿瘤的定位诊断上也具有明显的优越性,能清晰显示肿块与周围毗邻器官的关系及有无粘连等,对指导手术有重要的临床意义,MRI可作为表皮样囊肿的最优检查方法。

根据本例病灶CT表现,其鉴别诊断应包括以下囊性病变:1)肾囊肿:单纯性肾囊肿病灶囊壁薄,光滑清楚,呈圆形,密度均匀且CT值<20Hu,MRI呈均匀长T1长T2信号影,出血或感染的肾囊肿可出现分隔,囊内密度增高,信号复杂,囊壁可出现钙化,但增强扫描仍无强化;2)囊性肾癌:呈圆形或椭圆形,囊壁菲薄,边缘光整,周边常可见实性成分,壁结节及分隔,增强扫描实性成分,壁结节及间隔多有中等程度以上强化;3)囊性畸胎瘤:由于囊内含脂质成分T1WI可见高信号,典型者可见“浮球征”,脂液平面征另外可含有牙齿、钙化和骨骼成分,鉴别不难;4)肾包虫病:常合并肝、肺包虫病,囊壁的钙化呈较厚的环状或块状,大囊内可见到不同程度的小囊,增强后囊壁强化,结合临床化验以及患者是否来自流行病区,可资鉴别表皮样囊肿为良性疾病,但其恶变为鳞癌比率为0.011%~0.045%,有报道16例表皮样囊肿恶变为鳞癌,包括头颅、头颈和大腿等部位,古炽明等曾报道左肾表皮样囊肿恶变1例,该病变治疗以手术切除为首选,手术以完整切除肿块为目的,防止残留,造成复发可能。

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    2022-09-05 ms5000000764283060

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  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1946088, encodeId=4242194608889, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b4689022901' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#表皮样#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=90229, encryptionId=b4689022901, topicName=表皮样)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ae503, createdName=pps20019, createdTime=Wed May 04 17:01:09 CST 2022, time=2022-05-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1243331, encodeId=cf2e124333126, content=签到, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f25e5532637, createdName=ms5000000764283060, createdTime=Mon Sep 05 17:16:32 CST 2022, time=2022-09-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1958140, encodeId=00341958140e0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d6db9023003' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#表皮样囊肿#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=90230, encryptionId=d6db9023003, topicName=表皮样囊肿)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a9de34, createdName=shenxlcyp, createdTime=Thu Nov 18 03:01:09 CST 2021, time=2021-11-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1340874, encodeId=58cc13408e4dd, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=74a140404de' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#囊肿#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=40404, encryptionId=74a140404de, topicName=囊肿)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=32a12500167, createdName=12498ca5m83暂无昵称, createdTime=Wed Nov 10 01:01:09 CST 2021, time=2021-11-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1377814, encodeId=5ba513e7814cf, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=17b810004ce' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#iPS#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=10004, encryptionId=17b810004ce, topicName=iPS)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=8e886, createdName=仁者大医, createdTime=Wed Nov 10 01:01:09 CST 2021, time=2021-11-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1548015, encodeId=3804154801514, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=255be196711' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#皮样囊肿#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=71967, encryptionId=255be196711, topicName=皮样囊肿)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b01913981821, createdName=12498e0fm82暂无昵称, createdTime=Wed Nov 10 01:01:09 CST 2021, time=2021-11-10, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-11-10 仁者大医
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