NAT MED:朝阳领域 新发现助力抗衰老药物研发

2013-05-22 Nat Med 生物360

抗衰老药物开发备受关注,已成为一个年轻且充满活力的领域。最新的一期《自然-医学》(Nature Medicine)杂志着眼于抗衰老领域科学家谈论最多的三个方向,对它们一一做了解读,其中包括限制热量摄入、长寿蛋白Sirtuins、雷帕霉素以及其他方法。 在互联网上,抗衰老的疗法比比皆是。长寿诊所兜售补充剂和生长荷尔蒙,他们为维生素鸡尾酒和富含抗氧化剂的饮食做广告,他们提供螯合疗法。尝试过这些疗法的

抗衰老药物开发备受关注,已成为一个年轻且充满活力的领域。最新的一期《自然-医学》(Nature Medicine)杂志着眼于抗衰老领域科学家谈论最多的三个方向,对它们一一做了解读,其中包括限制热量摄入、长寿蛋白Sirtuins、雷帕霉素以及其他方法。

在互联网上,抗衰老的疗法比比皆是。长寿诊所兜售补充剂和生长荷尔蒙,他们为维生素鸡尾酒和富含抗氧化剂的饮食做广告,他们提供螯合疗法。尝试过这些疗法的人们兴高采烈地谈论着新生和返老还童,但是到目前为止,还没有一个疗法明确地显示出延长了使用者寿命,或显著改善了他们的健康,甚至有些对他们还造成了伤害。

在科学文献里,也包含了很多实验性的抗衰老疗法,它们有很多都没有得到证实,但这并不意味着科学家对抗衰老的研究是徒劳的。在过去二十年里,研究人员已经识别了多种可能在长寿中发挥重要作用的途径,他们希望通过这些途径研发出新的药物或疗法,以达到延缓衰老,对抗与年龄有关的癌症、阿尔茨海默症等疾病的目的。

将治疗方法从实验室应用到诊所不是一件易事。最新的一期《自然-医学》杂志着眼于抗衰老领域科学家谈论最多的三个方向,对它们一一做了解读。

限制热量摄入

限制热量摄入似乎能延长原生动物、酵母、果蝇、蠕虫、鱼和老鼠的寿命,但是对于灵长动物就没那么确定了,研究数据有好有坏。美国麦迪逊威斯康星州国家灵长类动物研究中心(Wisconsin National Primate Research Center)的研究人员经过20年研究发现,限制热量摄入可以延长恒河猴的寿命,但是在马里兰州迪克森美国国家衰老研究所(US National Institute on Aging, NIA)老年医学实验室一项历时25年的研究显示,限制热量摄入对延长猴子寿命没有丝毫益处。为什么会出现这样的结果,研究人员也不清楚。

考虑到时间以及进行这种尝试所花的费用,论证限制热量摄入延长人类寿命将会越来越困难。因此,研究者不再只观察限制热量摄入对长寿的影响,他们开始观察体温、代谢率、炎症标志物和胰岛素抗性的影响。2007年,NIA资助了3个实验室观察研究以上所述的一些标记物。这项为期两年的研究去年结束,它召集了220名非肥胖者参与,对正常饮食和热量减少25%的饮食做了对比。

实验结果预计上个月月底(《自然-医学》付印后)在波士顿一年一度的实验生物学会议上公布。实验研究者包括路易斯安那州巴吞鲁日彭宁顿生物医学研究中心(Pennington Biomedical Research Center)的研究员Eric Ravussin. Eric Ravussin拒绝提前透露细节,尽管他说:“我们在啮齿动物限制热量摄入上重现了大量观察结果。”

美国安阿伯市密歇根大学老年病中心研究副主任Rich Miller认为限制热量摄入应该能够延长人类寿命,但它仍然不是一个可行的抗衰老方法。现在世界上含有过多脂肪、盐和糖的美味食物随手可得,很少有人会选择削减摄入热量,哪怕只减少四分之一。尽管如此,限制热量摄入研究依然为研究者指明了有前景的分子途径。

备受关注的长寿蛋白

即为Sirtuins蛋白。10年前,剑桥麻省理工学院的Leonard Guarente和他的同事表明,限制热量摄入可以延长酵母菌的寿命,但是不能延长缺乏Sir2蛋白(一种sirtuin蛋白)突变体的寿命。Guarente的实验室证明了Sir2与酵母菌长寿的联系,并提出了一个新机制。

2006年,哈佛医学院分子生物学家David Sinclair领导的一项研究引起了轩然大波。David Sinclair是Guarante以前的学生,他们团队报道说在红酒中发现的一种称为“白藜芦醇”的化学物质,能够通过激活SIRT1——相当于哺乳类动物的Sir2——使肥胖老鼠寿命延长。这一研究结果是相当诱人的,人们似乎能够通过“畅饮红酒来延长寿命”。但是Sinclair的研究很快就受到了谴责,他的实验结果不能复制,有些人质疑他使用的老鼠模型不合适。

今年早些时候,Sinclair发表了一篇文章,反驳了他的反对者。在文章中,他的团队概述了白藜芦醇作用的分子途径。然而,通过两项对12个月大的老鼠标准食物中添加不同剂量的白藜芦醇的研究发现,即使白藜芦醇确实能够激活SIRT1,但它似乎并不能帮助健康的不肥胖的小鼠活的更长。“在3个不同的实验室里,我们尝试了两种不同的剂量,完全是一点效果都没有。” 领导这项研究的David Harrison说,他来自于缅因州巴港杰克逊实验室(Jackson Laboratory)。这项研究与其他研究一起,是NIA资助的干预试验计划(Interventions Testing Program , ITP)的一部分。

Sinclair承认,白藜芦醇不是很有效。“我相信我们可以做的更好。”他说。他2006年辅助成立的Sirtris制药公司(现已被英国制药巨头葛兰素史克收购)已经开发了几种结构不同于白藜芦醇的用于调节SIRT1的化合物,其中主要候选化合物SRT2104已经经过了第一期临床试验,结果显示是安全的,但它是否将在人体中起作用还有待进一步观察。

试验中的雷帕霉素

白藜芦醇未能对正常小鼠起到作用,另一种叫做雷帕霉素的免疫抑制药物从ITP中胜出了。“令每个人欣喜的是,它具有非常好的效果。它是我们迄今为止测试的所有化合物中效果最明显的。” Harrison说。研究人员给9个月大的老鼠食物中添加雷帕霉素,结果显示,雄性小鼠平均中位生存期延长至少两个月,雌鼠延长的时间达到雄鼠的两倍。研究人员对20个月大的老鼠做相同的实验,也看到相似的寿命延长效果。如果雷帕霉素在人身上像小鼠这样起作用,“那它将会使人类健康寿命延长10余年。” Harrison说。

然而,雷帕霉素也有副作用。动物实验中,接受雷帕霉素的小鼠与对照组小鼠相比,产生了更严重的白内障和更大的睾丸损伤。雷帕霉素目前被批准用于抵抗器官移植患者排异反应,它往往使患者感染疾病和糖尿病的风险增加。因此,医生一般都不愿意给其他健康人开雷帕霉素或任何与其相仿的药,例如rapalogs。

去年,费城宾夕法尼亚大学佩雷尔曼医学院(University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine)的Joseph Baur和剑桥马萨诸塞州怀特黑德生物医学研究所(Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research)的David Sabatini发表了一项研究,显示可能有一种办法规避雷帕霉素的副作用。雷帕霉素能够抑制mTOR蛋白,mTOR蛋白是哺乳动物类雷帕霉素靶蛋白的缩写,它以两种独立形式存在:mTORC1和mTORC2。雷帕霉素的有益效果似乎是由于抑制mTORC1得到的。然而,Baur和 Sabatini的研究显示雷帕霉素也干扰mTORC2,这也许可以解释小鼠所出现的胰岛素抵抗。研究显示,只针对mTORC1的化合物可能具有更少的副作用。

焕发生机的其他方法

衰老研究人员正在继续测试其他潜在的能够延长寿命又具有安全性的化合物。例如,Harrison和他的ITP同事最近给老鼠施加绿茶提取物,香料姜黄组成物,一种多存在于椰子油和其他据称对人类安全又延寿的保健品中的甘油三酯,但是他们发现这些对老鼠寿命延长没有任何作用。

现在摆在研究者面前的是二甲双胍——一种治疗2型糖尿病的药物。在去年圣安东尼奥的一场老龄化会议上,Rafael de Cabo和他NIA的同事报道,低剂量的二甲双胍能够延长老鼠寿命,但是高剂量的有毒性。

开发出完全没有副作用的抗衰老药物可能是不现实的。西雅图华盛顿大学的老化研究人员Matt Kaeberlein指出,“在自然界为什么那些延缓衰老的突变通常不会被选择是有原因的。”他说。“如果选择它们,会产生相应的代价。”这些代价可能有多大,以及社会是否愿意承担它们,依然是衰老研究所面临的问题。

New findings rejuvenate age-old drug development field
On the internet, antiaging therapies abound. Longevity clinics peddle supplements and growth hormones. They advertise vitamin cocktails and antioxidant-rich diets. They offer chelation therapy. People who've tried such treatments talk glowingly of renewed vigor and rejuvenation. But none of these therapies have been shown definitively to make people live longer or dramatically improve health. Some can even cause harm.
The scientific literature contains even more experimental age-fighting therapies that have yet to fulfill their promise. That doesn't mean the quest has been in vain, however. Over the past two decades, researchers have identified several pathways that seem to play a key part in longevity. The hope is that these pathways will lead to new drug treatments that slow the aging process and ward off age-related diseases such as cancer and Alzheimer's...

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    2013-09-16 liye789132251
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    2013-05-24 lqvr
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