郭艺芳&袁静:硝苯地平不宜用于紧急降压

2014-07-15 郭艺芳 袁静(河北省人民医院) 中华高血压杂志

硝苯地平是一种重要降压药物,多年以来一直广泛应用于临床。由于短效硝苯地平作用持续时间短,需每日多次用药,且可导致血压明显波动,近年来其临床应用有所减少,逐渐被硝苯地平控释或缓释剂型所取代。但因价格低廉且起效快,该药在基层医疗机构仍较多使用。很多医生常将舌下含服短效硝苯地平用于高血压急症、亚急症或一般高血压患者的紧急降压,这种用药方法可能会对患者产生严重不利影响,应予避免。 1. 短效硝苯地平

硝苯地平是一种重要降压药物,多年以来一直广泛应用于临床。由于短效硝苯地平作用持续时间短,需每日多次用药,且可导致血压明显波动,近年来其临床应用有所减少,逐渐被硝苯地平控释或缓释剂型所取代。但因价格低廉且起效快,该药在基层医疗机构仍较多使用。很多医生常将舌下含服短效硝苯地平用于高血压急症、亚急症或一般高血压患者的紧急降压,这种用药方法可能会对患者产生严重不利影响,应予避免。

1. 短效硝苯地平的作用特点

硝苯地平属于二氢吡啶类钙拮抗剂,通过扩张血管、降低外周阻力而发挥降压作用。该药起效迅速,舌下含服后可在数分钟后发挥降压作用。其血药浓度的达峰时间是20~30min,作用可持续4~5h。主要的不良反应是面色潮红、头痛和心动过速。由于舌下含服硝苯地平起效快且简单易行,因此曾是治疗高血压急重症的一种常用方法。

2. 高血压急症与亚急症的处理原则

由于不伴靶器官损害,高血压亚急症患者一般无需过于激进的降压治疗,血压下降速度过快或幅度过大对患者可能弊大于利。一般情况下,高血压亚急症患者血压可在24~48h内缓慢降至160/100mmHg。多数患者可通过口服降压药控制,一般不需要静脉应用降压药物。对于血压较高,但无并发症的患者,不宜予以过度治疗。静脉或大剂量口服负荷量降压药可产生严重低血压或其他不良反应,对患者产生不利影响,故应避免。与高血压亚急症不同,高血压急症患者病情更为危重,应更为积极谨慎的处理。理想的药物应能预期降压的强度和速度,便于根据患者血压控制情况及时调整降压强度,因而应首选静脉途径的短效降压药物。由于已经存在靶器官损害,过快或过度降压容易导致组织灌注压降低,诱发缺血事件,故初始降压目标不宜降至正常。

合理的做法是首先将其血压降至相对安全的水平,最大程度地防止或减轻心、脑、肾等靶器官损害。一般情况下,可遵照以下原则控制血压下降的幅度与速度:1h内平均动脉压降幅≤治疗前的25%,随后2~6h内降至<160/100mmHg。如果可耐受且临床情况稳定,则在24~48h内逐步降到正常水平。

3. 舌下含服硝苯地平对高血压急重症患者具有潜在危害

基于前文所述的舌下含服硝苯地平的作用特点以及高血压急症和亚急症的处理原则,可以看出舌下含服硝苯地平不应用于紧急降压治疗。这种用药方法可使血压在短时间内迅速且显着降低,但其降压幅度与速度难以掌控,可能对患者产生不利影响甚至导致严重后果。

范子航等报道7例因舌下含服硝苯地平致严重不良反应的高血压患者,其主要表现包括幻视、眩晕、恶心、胸痛、胸闷、大汗、濒死感、意识障碍、脑卒中伴偏瘫、失明等。

OMailia等曾报道3例高血压危象患者含服硝苯地平(10mg)后发生严重低血压,其中2例患者出现心肌酶升高及心电图动态改变,提示急性心肌梗死,另1例患者心电图出现ST段抬高,待血压恢复正常后ST段回落到基线水平。这3例患者既往均无心脏疾病。

Ishibashi等的研究进一步证实了这一点。该研究纳入93例高血压危象患者,年龄≥65岁,既往均有冠状动脉性心脏病史。含服硝苯地平(5mg)后出现血压明显下降伴心率加快。其中伴有左心室肥厚和心电图异常的55例患者中,有6例出现了心肌缺血症状。该研究提示含服低剂量的硝苯地平可能导致心肌缺血。

Shettigar等曾报道2例不稳定型心绞痛患者含服硝苯地平后死亡,尸检证实其死因为心肌梗死。推断可能是由于血压迅速而显着的下降导致冠状动脉灌注不足,进而发生致死性心肌梗死。

Peters等报道1例高血压危象患者含服硝苯地平后发生低血压和QT间期延长,并于1h后出现意识丧失,心电图提示心室颤动,认为此患者服用硝苯地平后出现心内膜下心肌缺血,导致尖端扭转型室性心动过速的发生,继而出现心室颤动。

Schwartz等报道1例44岁男性患者,血压270/140mmHg,无明显的神经系统异常,含服硝苯地平(10mg)15min后血压降至160/100mmHg,同时患者出现左侧肢体轻度偏瘫。另一例患者,血压200/120mmHg,舌下含服硝苯地平后血压降至150/90mmHg,2h后患者出现右侧肢体轻度偏瘫。2例患者均经头颅CT检查证实新发脑梗死。

关于舌下含服硝苯地平后发生不良心脑血管事件的机制可能涉及多方面,分析其最主要的原因可能包括以下两方面:①重度高血压患者在短时间内血压迅速而显着地降低,可导致重要生命器官的血液灌注压明显下降、血流量明显减少;②含服硝苯地平后可导致全身血流重新分布,外周血管血流量增加而心脏与脑血管血流量相对减少。

4. 相关指南的推荐建议

鉴于舌下含服硝苯地平可能导致严重不良事件,1985年美国食品药品监督管理局认为高血压患者不应舌下含服硝苯地平。美国高血压预防、检测、评估与治疗全国联合委员会第6次报告也明确指出舌下含服硝苯地平是“不可接受的”。《中国高血压防治指南(2009年基层版)》也指出,高血压急症患者慎用或不用舌下含服硝苯地平。在我国目前的临床实践中,舌下含服硝苯地平用于高血压急症或亚急症紧急降压的做法仍很普遍,对此应加强宣教,不宜提倡这种用药方法。

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    2023-03-30 光明骑士 来自辽宁省

    首选什么降压药

    0

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    2023-03-30 光明骑士 来自辽宁省

    优先选用什么降压药?

    0

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  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2122636, encodeId=63b2212263651, content=首选什么降压药, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4d585243593, createdName=光明骑士, createdTime=Thu Mar 30 07:49:25 CST 2023, time=2023-03-30, status=1, ipAttribution=辽宁省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2122635, encodeId=70b0212263540, content=优先选用什么降压药?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=26, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4d585243593, createdName=光明骑士, createdTime=Thu Mar 30 07:49:05 CST 2023, time=2023-03-30, status=1, ipAttribution=辽宁省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1801300, encodeId=ff9118013003b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0bb7e35362c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#硝苯地#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=73536, encryptionId=0bb7e35362c, topicName=硝苯地)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=512a199, createdName=lilianxiang, createdTime=Wed Apr 01 21:20:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1291825, encodeId=893812918255b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9d32981418b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#降压#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=98141, encryptionId=9d32981418b, topicName=降压)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8f14236, createdName=经常头晕, createdTime=Thu Jul 17 00:20:00 CST 2014, time=2014-07-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1455845, encodeId=c7f8145584529, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=61e3e3537e9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#硝苯地平#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=73537, encryptionId=61e3e3537e9, topicName=硝苯地平)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=2aa55745904, createdName=smlt2010, createdTime=Thu Jul 17 00:20:00 CST 2014, time=2014-07-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1523173, encodeId=0a7b15231e3fa, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1a1de7006b0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#紧急#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=77006, encryptionId=1a1de7006b0, topicName=紧急)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b88211514540, createdName=guguangxiang, createdTime=Thu Jul 17 00:20:00 CST 2014, time=2014-07-17, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
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