水熊虫特殊蛋白或帮助人类DNA抵御辐射损伤

2016-09-21 佚名 生物谷

缓步动物(Tardigrades),或者水熊虫是一种矮胖型的缓步动物门动物,在显微镜下其看起来介于蝴蝶幼虫和裸鼢鼠之间,这些水栖类无脊椎动物是一种完美的幸存者,其能够抵御一系列极端环境,包括近乎完全的脱水作用和损伤等。 日前,一项刊登于国际杂志Nature Communications上的研究报告中,来自东京大学的研究人员通过研究发现了缓步动物的另外一种超强的能力,即一种保护性的蛋白质能够帮

缓步动物(Tardigrades),或者水熊虫是一种矮胖型的缓步动物门动物,在显微镜下其看起来介于蝴蝶幼虫和裸鼢鼠之间,这些水栖类无脊椎动物是一种完美的幸存者,其能够抵御一系列极端环境,包括近乎完全的脱水作用和损伤等。

日前,一项刊登于国际杂志Nature Communications上的研究报告中,来自东京大学的研究人员通过研究发现了缓步动物的另外一种超强的能力,即一种保护性的蛋白质能够帮其抵御损伤的X射线,而且这或许还能够转移到对人类细胞的研究。研究者Takekazu Kunieda说道,对X射线的耐受性被认为是动物适应严重脱水作用的副产品,严重的脱水作用能够对生物分子造成严重的破坏,甚至会破坏DNA分子,这就好像X射线破坏DNA分子一样。

于是研究者想知道这种缓步动物如何保护自己抵御如此恶劣的条件,随后研究人员对缓步动物Ramazzottius varieornatus进行了全基因组测序研究,这是一种对压力具有特殊耐受性的动物,研究者表示,当动物的基因组插入到哺乳动物细胞后就能够很容易地被研究,因此科学家们对培养的人类细胞进行操作来产生缓步动物内部细胞结构的多个组分,从而就能够帮助确定到底是哪一部分能够给予缓步动物提供保护作用。

最终,研究者及其同事发现,名为Dsup的特殊蛋白能够保护动物机体的DNA免于在辐射和脱水状况下破裂,而且植入缓步动物的人类细胞液能够抑制X射线辐射引发的40%的细胞损伤。

基因组宝藏

来自瑞典克里斯蒂安斯塔德大学的进化生态学家Ingemar Jonsson对缓步动物进行了多年研究,他表示,DNA的保护和修复是许多人类疾病中所有细胞的基础过程,包括癌症和机体老化等疾病;这项研究发现对于临床医学研究具有很大的意义,其或将帮助我们改善人类细胞的压力耐受性,而这终将有一天会使得经受放射疗法的患者获益。

研究者Kunieda补充道,这项研究未来或许还能够帮助保护核设施附近工作的工人免于放射,同时还能够帮助研究者们在极端环境下种植庄稼,比如在火星上种粮食等;来自北卡罗来纳州立大学的生物学家Bob Goldstein对另外一种缓步动物进行了测序研究,他认为这项研究非常有意思而且激动人心,同时后期还需要进行更为深入的研究来进一步探明其中所涉及的机制。

最后,Goldstein说道,缓步动物对很多种类型的极端环境都具有一定的耐受性,这就意味着,缓步动物机体中或许存在着多种不同的机体防御保护机制;当然对缓步动物基因组的研究也只是冰山一角,未来研究者将会继续深入剖析这笔遗传财富。

参考资料:

【1】Extremotolerant tardigrade genome and improved radiotolerance of human cultured cells by tardigrade-unique protein

Nature Communications     doi:10.1038/ncomms12808

【2】Evidence for extensive horizontal gene transfer from the draft genome of a tardigrade

PNAS    doi: 10.1073/pnas.1510461112

【3】Tardigrade protein helps human DNA withstand radiation

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Nat Commun:电离辐射如何损伤DNA诱发癌症?

Nature chemical biology:DNA损伤修复——老问题还有新进展

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