为CRISPR增添“一点光”,可“定向定点”关闭致癌基因

2016-09-06 佚名 生物探索

导语:虽然科学家已经可以利用CRISPR基因编辑系统在活细胞里删除或者替换任何一段标记基因;但在细胞的DNA修复过程,把损伤部分粘合在一起时也会永久删除的一小部分基因,不能实现对基因编辑的精确控制。近日,MIT研究人员增加入了一个额外的控制层,通过系统的响应光,弥补了CRISPR技术“不完美的缺陷”,这种新型技术有望治愈皮肤癌。MIT研究者通过系统的响应光,为CRISPR基因编辑添加了一个额外

导语:虽然科学家已经可以利用CRISPR基因编辑系统在活细胞里删除或者替换任何一段标记基因;但在细胞的DNA修复过程,把损伤部分粘合在一起时也会永久删除的一小部分基因,不能实现对基因编辑的精确控制。近日,MIT研究人员增加入了一个额外的控制层,通过系统的响应光,弥补了CRISPR技术“不完美的缺陷”,这种新型技术有望治愈皮肤癌。



MIT研究者通过系统的响应光,为CRISPR基因编辑添加了一个额外控制层(来源:MIT News)

众所周知,CRISPR基因编辑系统是目前主流的基因编辑技术,科学家可利用CRISPR在活细胞里删除或者替换任何一段标记基因。它依赖于一个复杂的基因编辑复合物,包括叫做“Cas9的DNA剪切酶”以及将酶引导到基因组的一个特定区域并指导Cas9进行剪切的“短RNA链”。

当Cas9剪切酶和RNA引物被送进细胞后,可在基因组中进行特定剪切;但在细胞的DNA修复过程,把损伤部分粘合在一起时也会永久删除的一小部分基因,不能实现对基因编辑的精确控制,成为了该项技术“不完美的缺陷”。

近日,MIT研究人员通过系统的响应光,为CRISPR基因编辑添加了一个额外控制层,或可实现对基因编辑的精确控制。据悉,有了这个新的系统,研究人员只需要对靶细胞进行紫外光照射,就可实现基因编辑。这可以帮助科学家更详细地研究细胞和遗传物质是如何影响胚胎发育和导致遗传疾病的;甚至还可为精确地关闭肿瘤细胞中的致癌基因提供一个更有针对性的方法。

麻省理工学院 HST研究所、Koch研究所及Broad研究所的教授Sangeeta Bhatia表示,添加任何类型的转换器(switches)的优点是可为时间和空间节点上的活化提供精确的控制。

这项研究近日发表在德国《应用化学》(Angewandte Chemie)杂志上,第一作者是麻省理工学院的医学科学工程博士后Piyush Jain,Sangeeta Bhatia教授是文章的通讯作者。

感光性(Light sensitivity)

在来到麻省理工学院之前,Piyush Jain博士开发出一种使用光来控制过程的方式,被称为“RNA干扰”(RNA interference),即RNA的小链被传递到细胞,用以暂时阻止特定基因。当他在MIT看到CRISPR技术横空出世时,他激动万分并希望能够以同样的方式利用光来激活CRISPR系统。

Bhatia教授介绍道,研究者为创建光敏CRISPR系统做了诸多努力,包括改变Cas9酶的某些特性,使其仅在某些特定波长的光照射下开始剪切;但麻省理工学院的团队决定采取一种不同的方法,即将RNA引物进行光敏感性的改造。

Bhatia教授补充道,除了增加一个光激活保护器,你不需要任何其他的东西,这个尝试使得系统更加模块化。由于CRISPR系统未来在人类身上具有广阔的应用前景,MIT这种修改RNA引物链的方式显然要比在靶细胞中制造有光敏性的Cas9容易得多。

为了使得引导RNA具有光敏特性,MIT团队制造了“保护器”——光裂解化合键构成骨架的DNA序列。这些DNA链段可以定向绑定到不同的引导RNA上成为复合物,从而阻止RNA引物连接到其他目标基因中。

当研究人员将靶细胞暴露于365纳米波长(在紫外范围内)的光照下时,DNA“保护器”裂解成几个较小的碎片片段并从RNA上脱落,使得RNA与标记基因结合,引导Cas9内切酶对其进行剪切。

靶向多个基因(Targeting multiple genes)

在这项研究中,研究人员证实:利用光来控制编辑绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)的基因,其中的2个基因常常在某些过度表达癌症上的细胞表面发现。

Bhatia教授说,如果这是一个有律可循的项目,科学家将针对不同的目标序列设计出保护序列。她们团队已经针对不同的基因设计了保护器,并发现皆可以这种“光控”方式活化。此外,在多路传输( multiplexed)的实验中,当一个混合型的保护器被使用时,曝光的情况下只有靶标被裂解。

在Bhatia教授看来,这可以精确地控制基因编辑的时间节点,帮助研究人员研究细胞活动的时机(包括疾病的进展等),为通过关闭基因确定干预的最佳时机带来了希望,Bhatia的实验室也在探索这项技术的临床应用。

乔治亚理工大学生物医学工程助理教授James Dahlman没有参与该项研究。他表示,CRISPR-Cas9是一个功能强大的技术,科学家可以用来研究基因如何影响细胞活动。这个重要的进步将精确地控制基因的变化。因此,这项研究给科学界提供了一个非常有用的工具,来实现许多基因编辑的提升优化。

据悉,目前极有可能实现的是用于关闭皮肤癌中的癌基因,因为皮肤很容易暴露在紫外线外。Bhatia团队正致力于“通用保护器”的研究,以适用于任何引导RNA链段,避免每种RNA需要设计一个保护器的缺陷,并可以抑制CRISPR-Cas9同时裂解了多个靶标。分析人士认为,相信通过科学家的努力,这项技术终会走向临床医疗,改善人们的生活,有望治愈皮肤癌。

目前,这项研究已经受到了Ludwig Center for Molecular Oncology、Marie-D和Pierre Casimir-Lambert基金、Koch研究所来自NCI的基金、Marble Center for Cancer Nanomedicine等机构的资助。

编辑补充:

光遗传学技术(optogenetics)与需要用到人工核酸酶(engineered nucleases)的基因组编辑技术(genome editing)这两项伟大技术的结合,为我们提供了一种用光来操控任意基因的机会。

基因编辑技术在人类基因治疗的应用及普及已是大势所趋、随着更深入的研究和发展,其商业价值不容小觑。此外,精准医学已于今年入选“十三五”百大项目,上升为国家战略,更为我国基因编辑技术的发展带来强有力的催化作用。

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    2017-02-26 liao1632
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    2016-09-08 yuandd
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    2016-09-08 jambiya
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    2016-09-06 doctorJiangchao

    继续关注

    0

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    2016-09-06 doctorJiangchao

    继续学习

    0

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