科技奖励:国家科技奖推荐须避免“灯下黑”

2016-01-12 李侠 中国科学报

1月8日,2015年度国家科学技术奖励大会在北京举行。万众瞩目的国家最高科技奖再次出现空缺,这也是自2004年首次出现空缺以来的第二次空缺。一个奖项出现空缺原本是很正常的事情,但怎奈去年中国获得首个本土自然科学类诺贝尔奖,而获奖者屠呦呦竟然未出现在最高科技奖获奖名单里,由此引发公众广泛热议:难道当下国家最高科技奖的水平高过诺贝尔奖了?如果没有,为何屠呦呦没能获得国家最高科技奖?官方给出的解释是:没

1月8日,2015年度国家科学技术奖励大会在北京举行。万众瞩目的国家最高科技奖再次出现空缺,这也是自2004年首次出现空缺以来的第二次空缺。一个奖项出现空缺原本是很正常的事情,但怎奈去年中国获得首个本土自然科学类诺贝尔奖,而获奖者屠呦呦竟然未出现在最高科技奖获奖名单里,由此引发公众广泛热议:难道当下国家最高科技奖的水平高过诺贝尔奖了?如果没有,为何屠呦呦没能获得国家最高科技奖?官方给出的解释是:没有个人或单位推荐屠呦呦。

任何奖励系统都面临一种困难:如何能最大限度地遴选与发现真正优秀的成果,而不造成某些重要成果被有意或无意遗漏。这是一件看似简单实则很复杂的事情。通常,成果的遴选机制无外乎申报与推荐两种常用模式。客观地说,国家最高科技奖采取推荐制而不是申报制,这是科技奖励系统的巨大进步。这种举措在最大程度上实现了评审中去主观化的制度设计目的,让以往申报制中经常出现的任意夸大成就,以及自吹自擂的所谓填补空白之类的言辞迅速成为一种公共笑话。从这个意义上说,推荐制是推进客观评价的制度性保障,即便偶尔出现遗漏现象,也是扞卫客观性所必须付出的代价。此次空缺之所以被热议,不是人们否定推荐制本身,而是质疑推荐制的制度设置本身是否存在缺陷。

就屠呦呦未获得最高科技奖来说,这意味着推荐环节存在两个致命缺陷:其一,推荐时间过于仓促,导致重要成果被遗漏的可能性大大增加(此次推荐的时间窗口期为2014年11月初~2014年12月15日,初评结果于2015年6月公布);其二,推荐人的设置是否具有领域的覆盖性以及学术上的较高水准,还有推荐人的规模多少为宜?所有这些细节问题,直接决定了推荐制运行的质量。

当然,奖励办可以很中性地说:一切符合程序。然而,问题是符合程序只是扞卫承认正义的必要条件,但不是充分条件。从这个意义上说,现有的推荐制在制度设置上存在一种先天缺陷,即纠偏能力丧失。这种纠偏能力包含两层含义:查漏补缺与纠正错误。本次案例属于前者;在符合程序正义的情况下,如果某项被推荐的成果在存在严重问题的情况下一路过关斩将,最后问鼎桂冠,那么奖励办又该怎样解释呢?到那时是否还可以说:一切符合程序?如果未来某一天出现程序上正确而结果错误的局面,就如同法律领域的错判一样,那将从基础上摧毁奖励系统。

笔者曾将科技奖励系统中的推荐制比喻为探照灯。众所周知,探照灯在寻找潜在目标时会存在一些盲区,即每个探照灯都有自己照不到的地方,而照不到的地方的潜在目标就会被遗漏。避免探照灯出现灯下黑现象,就要求有多个探照灯联动,彼此照亮对方的盲区,最大限度地克服灯下黑现象,这也是所有探照灯在寻找目标时必须事先考虑到的事情。照理说,一个国家和地区在特定时期内的重大成果不会太多,如果配合一个比较合理的“探照灯”布置系统,出现遗漏的可能性就会大大降低。

今年国家最高科技奖出现空缺,从某种意义上说是一件好事。它再次证明了推荐机制是有可能存在灯下黑现象的。换言之,如果没有一个广泛的推荐人遴选机制和源于制度层面的纠偏机制,那么成果遗漏现象的累积会让奖励系统的基础逐渐受到蚕食,并最终丧失激励功能。

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    2016-01-26 Channel J

    0

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    2016-01-13 huangshang9812

    为什么不创新评选机制呢

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1721445, encodeId=cb431e2144598, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c7c5e4947cb' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#科技奖#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=74947, encryptionId=c7c5e4947cb, topicName=科技奖)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=423733003907, createdName=w363522460, createdTime=Sat Jun 04 15:15:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1981172, encodeId=011f19811e202, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=773f4093202' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#国家科技奖#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=24, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=40932, encryptionId=773f4093202, topicName=国家科技奖)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7d74253, createdName=wangtianj2007@, createdTime=Fri Feb 19 16:15:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=59521, encodeId=b2a459521c0, content=嗯, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=129, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160927/IMG57EA96AC605D49387.jpg, createdBy=7e381677945, createdName=Channel J, createdTime=Tue Jan 26 14:49:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=56542, encodeId=814656542a0, content=为什么不创新评选机制呢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=89, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e1ee1608797, createdName=huangshang9812, createdTime=Wed Jan 13 08:37:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=56526, encodeId=51d956526f7, content=牛, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=113, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7cde98330, createdName=milkshark, createdTime=Wed Jan 13 06:38:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=56492, encodeId=115d564926e, content=说的有理, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160113/IMG569619FEB03536446.jpg, createdBy=85f81678980, createdName=Lynee劲飞扬, createdTime=Tue Jan 12 23:52:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=56361, encodeId=b9df56361aa, content=牛, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=123, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=c10c75714, createdName=zhuzhuba1, createdTime=Tue Jan 12 13:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-12, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-01-13 milkshark

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1721445, encodeId=cb431e2144598, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c7c5e4947cb' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#科技奖#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=74947, encryptionId=c7c5e4947cb, topicName=科技奖)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=423733003907, createdName=w363522460, createdTime=Sat Jun 04 15:15:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1981172, encodeId=011f19811e202, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=773f4093202' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#国家科技奖#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=24, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=40932, encryptionId=773f4093202, topicName=国家科技奖)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7d74253, createdName=wangtianj2007@, createdTime=Fri Feb 19 16:15:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=59521, encodeId=b2a459521c0, content=嗯, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=129, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160927/IMG57EA96AC605D49387.jpg, createdBy=7e381677945, createdName=Channel J, createdTime=Tue Jan 26 14:49:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=56542, encodeId=814656542a0, content=为什么不创新评选机制呢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=89, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e1ee1608797, createdName=huangshang9812, createdTime=Wed Jan 13 08:37:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=56526, encodeId=51d956526f7, content=牛, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=113, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7cde98330, createdName=milkshark, createdTime=Wed Jan 13 06:38:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=56492, encodeId=115d564926e, content=说的有理, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160113/IMG569619FEB03536446.jpg, createdBy=85f81678980, createdName=Lynee劲飞扬, createdTime=Tue Jan 12 23:52:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=56361, encodeId=b9df56361aa, content=牛, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=123, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=c10c75714, createdName=zhuzhuba1, createdTime=Tue Jan 12 13:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-12, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-01-12 Lynee劲飞扬

    说的有理

    0

  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1721445, encodeId=cb431e2144598, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c7c5e4947cb' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#科技奖#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=74947, encryptionId=c7c5e4947cb, topicName=科技奖)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=423733003907, createdName=w363522460, createdTime=Sat Jun 04 15:15:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1981172, encodeId=011f19811e202, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=773f4093202' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#国家科技奖#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=24, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=40932, encryptionId=773f4093202, topicName=国家科技奖)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7d74253, createdName=wangtianj2007@, createdTime=Fri Feb 19 16:15:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=59521, encodeId=b2a459521c0, content=嗯, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=129, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160927/IMG57EA96AC605D49387.jpg, createdBy=7e381677945, createdName=Channel J, createdTime=Tue Jan 26 14:49:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=56542, encodeId=814656542a0, content=为什么不创新评选机制呢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=89, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e1ee1608797, createdName=huangshang9812, createdTime=Wed Jan 13 08:37:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=56526, encodeId=51d956526f7, content=牛, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=113, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7cde98330, createdName=milkshark, createdTime=Wed Jan 13 06:38:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=56492, encodeId=115d564926e, content=说的有理, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160113/IMG569619FEB03536446.jpg, createdBy=85f81678980, createdName=Lynee劲飞扬, createdTime=Tue Jan 12 23:52:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=56361, encodeId=b9df56361aa, content=牛, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=123, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=c10c75714, createdName=zhuzhuba1, createdTime=Tue Jan 12 13:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-12, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-01-12 zhuzhuba1

    0