综述:丙肝疫苗研发的机遇与挑战

2016-01-06 李大鹏等 《国家科学评论》

近年来我国丙肝病例不断增加 丙型肝炎病毒(Hepatitic C virus, HCV)属黄病毒科(Flaviviridae)、肝炎病毒属(hepacivirus),为单股正链RNA病毒。目前全球约1.85亿人感染HCV,其中1.3-1.7亿为慢性感染,每年有35万人死于丙型肝炎导致的肝硬化和肝癌。我国是丙型肝炎感染人数最多的国家,有近3千万HCV感染者,尤其近年来我国丙


近年来我国丙肝病例不断增加

丙型肝炎病毒(Hepatitic C virus, HCV)属黄病毒科(Flaviviridae)、肝炎病毒属(hepacivirus),为单股正链RNA病毒。目前全球约1.85亿人感染HCV,其中1.3-1.7亿为慢性感染,每年有35万人死于丙型肝炎导致的肝硬化和肝癌。我国是丙型肝炎感染人数最多的国家,有近3千万HCV感染者,尤其近年来我国丙肝病例不断增加,对公共卫生构成了沉重的负担。

近年来,随着多种针对HCV的抗病毒药物(direct-acting antiviral agents, DAA)的上市,丙型肝炎治疗发生了革命性的进步,新上市的抗病毒药将丙型肝炎的SVR提高到95%以上,让人们看到了根除HCV的希望。尽管如此,昂贵的药物价格($70,000-110,000/疗程)使大部分病人无法承担,很难被纳入医疗保险的范围。预防性疫苗的广泛接种在天花、脊髓灰质炎的根除过程中扮演了至关重要的角色,但是目前没有针对HCV的疫苗;因此开发有效的预防性疫苗从而阻断新发感染,成为丙肝研究的重中之重。

NSR发表的由中国科学院上海巴斯德研究所李大鹏、黄忠教授和钟劲教授联合撰写的综述文章“Hepatitis C virus vaccine development: old challenges and new opportunities”(http://nsr.oxfordjournals.org/content/2/3/285.full)主要从丙肝病毒的病毒学和免疫学角度介绍了在丙肝病毒疫苗研发中的难题与研究进展,包括抗体反应和细胞免疫反应的诱导、细胞模型与动物模型的开发等,并归纳了目前处于临床实验阶段的疫苗及其前景,最后对理想的丙肝疫苗提出了展望。

该文总结了HCV感染在人体中引起的免疫反应。由于HCV通过各种机制逃避天然免疫反应,大部分病人未能在感染初期产生有效的免疫反应而转为慢性感染,随后由于HCV基因组的高变性,新产生的病毒能够逃逸获得性免疫反应,尤其是中和抗体;然而仍有20-25%的病人可以通过在早期产生中和抗体和T细胞免疫反应自发清除HCV感染,说明了在感染早期中和抗体对于抵抗感染的重要性,这也是预防性疫苗研究的目标主要方向。

从发现HCV开始,研究人员就在试图开发疫苗。然而由于各种细胞模型和动物模型的缺乏,疫苗研究举步维艰。2005年,HCV细胞培养模型的建立带了这一领域革命性的突破,使得研究人员能够在体外细胞培养中对疫苗诱导的中和抗体进行中和实验评价。动物模型方面,黑猩猩是最接近人类的感染模型,能建立HCV急性感染和慢性感染。但随着动物伦理的发展,黑猩猩体内的疫苗保护实验已经被全面禁止。人肝脏细胞移植小鼠由于缺乏完整的免疫系统,只能进行被动免疫实验。2013年起建立的HCV受体人源化转基因小鼠,能够允许HCV病毒的进入,并通过活体成像对感染进行定量,是第一个能够进行主动免疫实验的小动物模型,极大地便利了基于中和抗体的HCV疫苗评价。

目前临床实验阶段的预防性疫苗有三种。第一是基于包膜蛋白E1/E2的重组亚单位疫苗,能够诱导中和抗体;另外两种是基于重组腺病毒以及痘病毒载体疫苗,表达非结构蛋白,在人体内诱导细胞免疫反应。尽管如此,产量、成本以及中和抗体的广度仍是目前预防性疫苗领域存在的问题,也可能对疫苗上市产生影响。

本文还对理想的丙肝疫苗提出了展望。由于治疗药物DAA的广泛应用,治疗性疫苗尽管可以作为备选与其他药物联合使用。但其重要性受到很大冲击。但预防性疫苗仍然应是未来丙肝病毒全球防控的重要工具。因此,最理想的丙肝疫苗应该组成简单,成本低廉,易于大规模生产,能同时诱导广谱中和抗体和细胞免疫反应,并能诱导长期甚至终生免疫记忆。这也是在HCV疫苗研发过程中需要设法实现的目标。

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  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1634308, encodeId=dd9916343083c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2346e05209f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#疫苗研发#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=70520, encryptionId=2346e05209f, topicName=疫苗研发)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ce9922152235, createdName=lilili1111, createdTime=Fri Nov 04 21:21:00 CST 2016, time=2016-11-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=54655, encodeId=48cc5465572, content=好东西,值得分享,学习了!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=69b61619007, createdName=andruhn, createdTime=Fri Jan 08 19:34:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1299898, encodeId=81d112998989e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ed5ee332423' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#研发#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=73324, encryptionId=ed5ee332423, topicName=研发)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=aea0290, createdName=lqvr, createdTime=Fri Jan 08 01:21:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=52555, encodeId=adfe525550c, content=牛, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=187, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRiaKicWybj5Q5KN7PWibALciaJ4W5bZwTlDSFRibFu87125pCq0IXePrC0mpbiasADRqL4NcjUoyQCT9De/0, createdBy=7c7e1636498, createdName=wzf990214, createdTime=Wed Jan 06 20:29:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=52556, encodeId=e9e55255606, content=赞一个, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=119, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRiaKicWybj5Q5KN7PWibALciaJ4W5bZwTlDSFRibFu87125pCq0IXePrC0mpbiasADRqL4NcjUoyQCT9De/0, createdBy=7c7e1636498, createdName=wzf990214, createdTime=Wed Jan 06 20:29:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=52557, encodeId=10385255e2d, content=有意思, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=101, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRiaKicWybj5Q5KN7PWibALciaJ4W5bZwTlDSFRibFu87125pCq0IXePrC0mpbiasADRqL4NcjUoyQCT9De/0, createdBy=7c7e1636498, createdName=wzf990214, createdTime=Wed Jan 06 20:29:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-06, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-01-08 andruhn

    好东西,值得分享,学习了!

    0

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    2016-01-08 lqvr
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    2016-01-06 wzf990214

    0

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    2016-01-06 wzf990214

    赞一个

    0

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    2016-01-06 wzf990214

    有意思

    0

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