两篇Nature揭开“没有原发肿瘤却形成癌转移”的奥秘

2016-12-19 王英 生物通

近日,《自然》杂志在线刊登了“2016: THE YEAR IN SCIENCE"的特刊,并在《2016 in news: The science events that shaped the year》一文中,介绍了2016年改写科学界的七个事件。捕捉“引力波”今年2月11日,物理学家乃至全人类见证了一起载入科学史册的重大事件。在阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦(Albert Einstein)提出广义相

导语:美国西奈山伊坎医学院和德国雷根斯堡大学领导的一个研究小组发现,即使在肿瘤发展之前,具有几个定义了的分子变化的乳腺癌细胞,却可以扩散到器官,长时间的保持沉默,然后被唤醒,形成侵袭性的、致命的乳腺癌转移。这些研究结果以两篇论文的形式发表在12月14日的《Nature》杂志。



美国西奈山伊坎医学院和德国雷根斯堡大学领导的一个研究小组发现,即使在肿瘤发展之前,具有几个定义了的分子变化的乳腺癌细胞,却可以扩散到器官,长时间的保持沉默,然后被唤醒,形成侵袭性的、致命的乳腺癌转移。

这些研究结果以两篇论文的形式发表在12月14日的《Nature》杂志,研究是在动物模型中进行的,并在人类样本中进行了测试,解决了“没有原发肿瘤是如何形成乳腺癌转移”的奥秘。

Regensburg大学的研究小组发现,癌细胞不仅会从一个高度突变、明显进化和病理学定义了的侵袭性肿瘤开始扩散,而且也能从早期常被认为是无法传播的癌细胞开始传播。然而,这些早期的癌症病变如何可能产生具有恶性肿瘤特征的细胞,还是未知的。

在《Nature》杂志上发表的两篇论文中,这两个团队首次确定了使细胞在癌症进展早期传播、并有助于转移的机制。

在来自西奈山伊坎医学院的研究中,乳腺癌细胞中的两个变化——一个开启癌基因和一个关闭抑癌因子,可激发细胞从乳腺组织迁移到肺部和身体的其他部分。在那里,细胞保持安静,直到一个生长开关被激活,并在肺部开始出现转移。

该项研究的资深作者、医学/血液学和肿瘤医学教授Julio A. Aguirre-Ghiso说:“这项研究深入阐明了早期癌细胞扩散的机制,并可能揭示一个原因不明的现象——在全世界范围内多达百分之5的癌症患者都有癌转移,但却无原发肿瘤,最重要的是,为什么已经扩散的癌症是如此难以治疗。”

他说:“从生物学的角度来看,这种早期转移的新模式,对于我们了解的关于‘癌症如何扩散并形成转移’的一切,提出了挑战。我们将不得不调整我们关于癌转移的观念。我们的希望是,这些研究结果将改变我们思考‘应该如何治疗癌转移’的方式。”

西奈山伊坎医学院团队的一个重要发现是,最早扩散的细胞保持休眠,大多数化疗和靶向治疗方法是针对那些增殖细胞。Aguirre Ghiso博士说,所以早期扩散的癌细胞会规避这些传统治疗,即使它能杀死原发肿瘤。这项工作也带来了新的问题:早期传播的癌症细胞是如何支持转移发展的?它们是自己做的吗?它们为后来到达的肿瘤细胞不被早期发现设置了条件?或者它们与后到达的细胞合作?这项研究揭示了早期传播的一种新的生物机制,我们必须对此加以探索,以充分了解如何靶定癌转移的种子。

由德国Regensburg大学Christoph Klein博士为首的另一篇相关论文,发表在同一期的《Nature》,是与Aguirre Ghiso博士及其团队成员共同撰写的,对于“早期转移是如何控制的”提供了额外的关键线索,并在人类肿瘤细胞和肿瘤中证明了临床前研究结果。这两个研究小组的研究人员独立地获得了他们的研究结果,然后在项目上进行了合作。

来自这两个团队的研究人员,研究了乳腺癌的早期阶段,包括DCIS(导管原位癌),一种非侵入性的乳腺病变,因为接受治疗的DCIS女性有2%到3%死于癌转移,但却从没有发展出原发肿瘤。这种现象最好的解释是,早期转移发生在DCIS之前或其发展的时候。来自第二篇论文的一个关键发现是,在小鼠模型中,80%的转移起源于早期传播的细胞,而不是来自大的肿瘤。事实上,Klein团队确定了一种机制,通过这种机制早期病变的传播比大肿瘤更有效。

在这两项研究中,研究人员发现,早期癌细胞的扩散是女性乳腺导管分支这个正常过程的一个扩展。在这个古老的过程中有两个主要通路是被激活的——抑癌基因p38和癌基因HER2。关闭p38和打开HER2可激活EMT(上皮间质转化)信号通路的一个模块。在胚胎发育和组织发展过程中EMT可促进细胞运动。Klein的研究表明,孕激素受体信号——其控制乳腺树的分支,通过调节与EMT和生长程序有关的线索,对于这种早期扩散是很重要的,这种机制在他早期的研究中就已经暗示过。

随着一个乳腺树的发展,p38、HER2和EMT交替开启和关闭。这与孕激素信号合作,使乳腺细胞通过乳腺——中空的管状,乳汁管的分支网络。

Aguirre Ghiso博士说:“调整这些通路,是形成中空分支管的一种正常方式。”但是,在他们的实验中,他们发现,如果HER2是过度活化(不关闭)或突变的,并且p38被永久关闭,EMT就持续地被激活,从而使细胞迁出乳腺并通过血液进入动物体内。

他说:“我们能够在三维培养中使用细胞器,直接在活的动物模型中使用高分辨率成像,真实地看到这些细胞从乳腺树进入血液,并迁移到肺部、骨髓以及其他地方。我们以前没有以这种方式思考过癌基因和抑癌基因。对于这些通路来说,这是一个新的功能。”

Gruss Lipper生物光子学中心及其爱因斯坦综合成像项目的共同主任John S. Condeelis博士指出,“我们惊奇地发现,来自DCIS样病变的癌细胞可以显示出如此强大的散播。”带领成像研究的David Entenberg说:“这一新见解的意义超出了我们的预期。几年前,以这种细节水平在活体动物中影像这些传播的细胞,是不可能的。我们很高兴的是,通过这种合作,爱因斯坦综合成像项目的成像技术可以有助于早期传播的最终证明。”

虽然这两项研究都集中在乳腺癌早期传播的机制,但是类似的过程可能控制其他人类癌症的早期传播和转移,包括黑色素瘤和胰腺癌。Aguirre Ghiso博士说,事实上,胰腺癌的早期传播也与EMT过程有关。

在他们正在调查的关键通路中,西奈山伊坎医学院的研究人员正在寻找推动休眠癌细胞扩散以形成转移的生长开关。Aguirre Ghiso博士说:“我们的研究结果,给癌症的理解添加了一个新的复杂程度,也为我们最终解决癌症中的大问题——阻止杀死患者的癌转移,助了一臂之力。”

原始出处:

Kathryn L. Harper,Maria Soledad Sosa,etal.Mechanism of early dissemination and metastasis in Her2+ mammary cancer.Nature .14 December 2016

Hedayatollah Hosseini, Milan M. S. Obradović, Martin Hoffmann,Kathryn L. Harper,Maria Soledad Sosa,Melanie Werner-Klein.Early dissemination seeds metastasis in breast cancer.Nature.14 December 2016

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    值得学习

    0

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    2016-12-19 永圣

    厉害,多学科合作是大事所需

    0

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    2016-12-19 榄枷檬

    学习了!谢谢分享

    0

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