ACC/AHA心血管风险评估指南解读

2013-11-25 高晓方 译 医学论坛网

11月12日,美国心脏病学会(ACC)与美国心脏学会(AHA)公布《2013 ACC/AHA心血管风险评估指南》。该指南以动脉粥样硬化相关性事件10年风险作为首要关注对象,并提供了依据种族和性别精化风险预测的附加公式。预测10年动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病(ASCVD)10年风险的新公式以来自于NHLBI资助研究的多样化人群为基础,转归包括非致命性心梗、冠心病死亡以及致命和非致命性卒

11月12日,美国心脏病学会(ACC)与美国心脏学会(AHA)公布《2013 ACC/AHA心血管风险评估指南》。该指南以动脉粥样硬化相关性事件10年风险作为首要关注对象,并提供了依据种族和性别精化风险预测的附加公式。

预测10年动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病(ASCVD)10年风险的新公式以来自于NHLBI资助研究的多样化人群为基础,转归包括非致命性心梗、冠心病死亡以及致命和非致命性卒中。通过上述新公式和新方法,临床医生能够更加明智的确定可从降低风险治疗中获益的患者。

为使评估简化,该公式未将家族冠心病病史、甘油三酯、腰围、体重指数、生活方式和既往吸烟史纳入考量。新指南在确认最有可能从药物干预中获益的患者以及避免对患者实施过度治疗方面迈出了重要一步,并将显著改善临床决策制定。

由于指南制定委员会仅采纳了来自于随机试验的I类证据,因此ASCVD风险评分存在一定不足之处。在两组大型当代人群中评估此新型评分系统时,其准确性和鉴别力表现欠佳。可最佳预测10年风险的风险标志物包括年龄、性别、总胆固醇、HDL—C、血压、血压治疗状况、糖尿病和当前吸烟状况。尽管风险预测模型未常规添加其他标志物,但在纳入上述标志物后仍存在不确定性的情况下,可将家族史、高敏CRP、臂踝指数(ABI)和冠脉钙化(CAC)评分纳入考量。虽然CAC评估可导致轻微放射暴露,但其仍为精化风险评估方法的最佳标志物,并有助于确定患者是否无需治疗以及治疗是否适宜。

由于新指南建议对ASCVD事件10年风险>7.5%的患者考虑他汀类治疗,因此是否对脂质谱正常但仅ASCVD风险评分超出标准的患者实施治疗可能是临床医生最易出现困惑之处。基于实际年龄、血压轻度升高或应用降压药物,大多数个体将超出7.5%的阈值。在此情况下,临床医生有可能希望将冠脉钙化、高敏CRP、颈动脉内膜中层厚度(IMT)或早发心血管疾病家族史纳入考量,从而确定长期应用他汀类是否确实具有指征,而实际上新指南并未推荐IMT作为风险预测的指标。


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