Nat Med:肠道微生物可能是动脉阻塞重要原因

2013-07-27 中国科学报 中国科学报

瘦牛排的脂肪和胆固醇含量都较低,同时富含蛋白质,其品质通常被认为是健康的。但是牛排吃多了依然能够罹患心脏病。研究人员如今把责任推到了人体肠道中的一种细菌头上——这种细菌能把在牛肉中发现的一种普通营养物质转化为一种化合物,而后者恰好能够加快斑块在动脉内的积聚。 这项研究成果发表在4月7日出版的《自然—医学》Nature Medicine杂志上。这篇论文的作者、美国俄亥俄州克利夫兰医学中心心血管内科

瘦牛排的脂肪和胆固醇含量都较低,同时富含蛋白质,其品质通常被认为是健康的。但是牛排吃多了依然能够罹患心脏病。研究人员如今把责任推到了人体肠道中的一种细菌头上——这种细菌能把在牛肉中发现的一种普通营养物质转化为一种化合物,而后者恰好能够加快斑块在动脉内的积聚。

这项研究成果发表在4月7日出版的《自然—医学》Nature Medicine杂志上。这篇论文的作者、美国俄亥俄州克利夫兰医学中心心血管内科主任Stanley Hazen表示,这项研究可能预示着一种调节饮食健康的新方法。他说,在某些情况下,一个人肠道中的微生物集合对于其饮食的重要性可能不亚于一份营养成分标签。“细菌整体扭转了来自食物的分子。”Hazen说,“并且这些分子对于我们的新陈代谢进程将产生重要影响。

即便在控制脂肪与胆固醇水平的情况下,红肉的摄取仍然被发现能够增加心脏病的死亡风险。为了找到其中的原因,Hazen和他的同事向77名志愿者(包括26名严格素食主义者或普通素食主义者)提供了一种营养物质——左旋肉碱,该物质存在于红肉和奶制品中。一位严格的素食主义者甚至承诺食用200克西冷牛排。

试验表明,食用左旋肉碱增加了血液中的三甲胺-N-氧化物(TMAO)水平。有证据显示,这种化合物能够改变胆固醇的新陈代谢,并减缓积聚在动脉壁上的胆固醇的移除。

然而即便摄入了左旋肉碱补充剂,与肉食者相比,严格素食主义者或普通素食主义者产生的TMAO依然比前者少得多。排泄物研究显示,肉食者与素食者在其肠道中具有完全不同的细菌类型。Hazen表示,包含肉的正常饮食很可能刺激了能够将左旋肉碱变为TMAO的细菌的生长。

为了进一步了解情况,研究人员调查了2600名接受心脏检查的志愿者血液中的左旋肉碱含量。就其本身而言,这种营养物质似乎并没有什么差异。然而,那些具有高水平左旋肉碱和TMAO的受试者是心脏病的主要攻击目标,更进一步的证据表明,正是这种细菌的“炼金术”——而非仅仅是左旋肉碱——造成了真正的威胁。

最终,研究人员发现,给实验室小鼠喂食左旋肉碱能够使动物出现动脉斑块的几率翻一番,但这仅仅是在小鼠具有正常的肠道细菌的前提下。当用清除肠道抗生素对这些啮齿类动物进行处理后,食物中的左旋肉碱并没有刺激斑块在动脉中的积聚。

费城宾夕法尼亚大学预防心血管医学研究人员Daniel Rader表示,这项研究给出了一个“相当令人信服”的例证,表明给肠道细菌喂食左旋肉碱能够增加罹患心脏病的风险。

牛肉、羊肉和猪肉等红肉都富含肉碱,许多能量饮料中也添加这种成分。Hazen指出,这一发现不但为那些红肉爱好者,也为那些服用左旋肉碱补充剂的人们敲响了警钟——生产商承诺,这些补充剂能够补充能量、减少体重,以及提高运动机能。“上述这些功效并没有得到证明。”Hazen说,“我认为没有任何理由让人们去服用这种补充剂。”

doi:10.1038/nm.3145
PMC:
PMID:

Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis

Robert A Koeth, Zeneng Wang, Bruce S Levison, Jennifer A Buffa, Elin Org, Brendan T Sheehy, Earl B Britt, Xiaoming Fu, Yuping Wu, Lin Li, Jonathan D Smith, Joseph A DiDonato, Jun Chen, Hongzhe Li, Gary D Wu, James D Lewis, Manya Warrier, J Mark Brown, Ronald M Krauss, W H Wilson Tang, Frederic D Bushman, Aldons J Lusis & Stanley L Hazen

Intestinal microbiota metabolism of choline and phosphatidylcholine produces trimethylamine (TMA), which is further metabolized to a proatherogenic species, trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO). We demonstrate here that metabolism by intestinal microbiota of dietary L-carnitine, a trimethylamine abundant in red meat, also produces TMAO and accelerates atherosclerosis in mice. Omnivorous human subjects produced more TMAO than did vegans or vegetarians following ingestion of L-carnitine through a microbiota-dependent mechanism. The presence of specific bacterial taxa in human feces was associated with both plasma TMAO concentration and dietary status. Plasma L-carnitine levels in subjects undergoing cardiac evaluation (n = 2,595) predicted increased risks for both prevalent cardiovascular disease (CVD) and incident major adverse cardiac events (myocardial infarction, stroke or death), but only among subjects with concurrently high TMAO levels. Chronic dietary L-carnitine supplementation in mice altered cecal microbial composition, markedly enhanced synthesis of TMA and TMAO, and increased atherosclerosis, but this did not occur if intestinal microbiota was concurrently suppressed. In mice with an intact intestinal microbiota, dietary supplementation with TMAO or either carnitine or choline reduced in vivo reverse cholesterol transport. Intestinal microbiota may thus contribute to the well-established link between high levels of red meat consumption and CVD risk.

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    2014-06-25 tomyang96
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    2013-11-14 liye789132251
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研究人员研发出了一种改进了的、用来分析在我们肠道中和平相处的细菌群落的技术,这使得他们能够对这些细菌群落随着时间的推移而呈现的稳定性有所了解。对于为了长期的健康干预而用这些多样的微生物作为标靶而言,定义人类肠道微生物群落的稳定性是至关重要的。然而,科学家们对有关这些微生物株在我们肠道中是多么难以撼动却知之甚少。现在,Jeremiah J. Faith及其同事研发出了一种测序方法来准确追踪这