当青春期邂逅子宫内膜异位症

2016-05-06 刘睿 医学界妇产科频道

当青春期遇上子宫内膜异位症,你还幸福吗?! 子宫内膜异位症本是育龄妇女常见的妇科病,但随着人们对子宫内膜异位症相关认识的提高,发现其患病年龄正在呈现低龄化的趋势。往常或现在正在被我们“一忍再忍”的花季少女痛经可能就是被忽略的青春期子宫内膜异位症。我们把年龄小于20岁的青春期女性发生的子宫内膜异位症称之为青春期子宫内膜异位症。由于青春期女性心理及生理发育的特殊性,使得青春期子宫内膜异位

当青春期遇上子宫内膜异位症,你还幸福吗?!

子宫内膜异位症本是育龄妇女常见的妇科病,但随着人们对子宫内膜异位症相关认识的提高,发现其患病年龄正在呈现低龄化的趋势。往常或现在正在被我们“一忍再忍”的花季少女痛经可能就是被忽略的青春期子宫内膜异位症。我们把年龄小于20岁的青春期女性发生的子宫内膜异位症称之为青春期子宫内膜异位症。由于青春期女性心理及生理发育的特殊性,使得青春期子宫内膜异位症的诊断和治疗受到很大的挑战,今天笔者就和大家聊聊对于青春期子宫内膜异位症处理方面的一些小窍门。

青春期子宫内膜异位症发病机理

目前,对于青春期子宫内膜异位症的发病原因和机制尚未完全阐明,但与以下几个方面还是有些“说不清,理还乱”的关联。



1.经血逆流学说

符合这一原因的患者大多合并有先天的生殖道畸形。常见的导致青春期女性子宫内膜异位症的生殖道畸形包括先天性阴道闭锁、宫颈狭窄、盲角子宫、残角子宫等。当其宫腔内膜为功能性子宫内膜时, 月经期子宫内膜脱落出血, 经血在盲角子宫或残角子宫内积聚, 无流出通道, 使宫腔压力越来越大, 无疑会经输卵管逆流进入盆腔, 从而引起盆腔子宫内膜异位症。有临床研究发现对于生殖道畸形患者在其生殖道梗阻解除后病灶能够自然缓解甚至完全消失。

2.苗勒管胚性残余或体腔上皮化生学说

临床研究发现部分患者在初潮前即可发生子宫内膜异位症,这难以用经血逆流学说解释。约有5%的新生儿会出现子宫内膜的脱落,其中的干细胞发生种植,在血管内皮生长因子等细胞因子刺激下,新血管生成,疾病进展,在月经前期或者青春期发展成为子宫内膜异位症。自女性青春期乳房初发育时雌激素便开始发挥作用,雌激素通过刺激苗勒氏管胚性残余化生形成青春期子宫内膜异位症。

3.遗传学说

目前研究已公认子宫内膜异位症是一个多基因、多因素的遗传病,相关基因已经被确定。对于一级亲属有子宫内膜异位症者要谨防子代该病的发生率。

4.免疫调节学说

子宫内膜碎片逆流入盆腔后,因细胞免疫反应不足,巨噬细胞不能有效清除异物,同时还产生大量巨噬细胞,介导免疫和炎症反应,致局部形成粘连,促进子宫内膜异位症的发生和进展。

青春期子宫内膜异位症临床表现

青春期子宫内膜异位症以周期性和非周期性下腹痛为主,常表现为慢性盆腔痛、痛经、月经不调。部分患者可伴有胃肠道症状、急性腹痛、便秘、腹泻、恶心、呕吐,少部分患者因卵巢囊肿破裂或者扭转就诊。缺乏典型的症状和体征,这也是临床诊断率较低的原因之一。

青春期子宫内膜异位症的诊断

1.病史

对于有慢性盆腔痛或经期及经前期下腹痛明显者应考虑患该病的可能。

2.妇科检查

要注意发现有无生殖道畸形和盆腔肿块,对于有性生活的女性采用双合诊,无性生活者采用肛诊,青春期子宫内膜异位症主要位于直肠子宫陷凹引起疼痛,患者表现为轻度到中度触痛、结节可有可无、子宫后位、活动差。

3.影像学检查

主要包括B超(经腹/直肠)、CT与MRI。B超对卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿有较高检出率。MRI主要诊断是否合并生殖道畸形。

4.血清学标志物

通过监测经期血清CA125和CA199水平的变化辅助诊断,指导治疗。

5.治疗性诊断

对于口服避孕药和非甾体类抗炎药无效且不愿行有创检查的慢性盆腔痛患者,若年龄>18岁,在排除卵巢囊肿后可用GnRH-a做治疗性诊断,若治疗后疼痛减轻或消失,可初步确诊。

6.腹腔镜检查

对于治疗性诊断无效的患者,建议行腹腔镜检查。腹腔镜检查是诊断子宫内膜异位症的”金标准”,适用于无禁忌证的任何年龄段患者。青春期子宫内膜异位症在腹腔镜下以非典型子宫内膜异位病变为主,主要表现为红色火焰状、白色水泡状、无色透明状病灶或盆腹壁小出血点。腹腔镜还可发现早期病变和小囊肿,以及周围有无粘连等其他盆腔病变。


腹腔镜下的红色火焰状病灶和白色病灶

青春期子宫内膜异位症的治疗

治疗目的:控制疼痛、阻止病情发展、保留生育功能。

治疗方法:手术治疗、药物治疗、心理辅助治疗。

(一)手术治疗

对于明确伴有生殖道畸形者应采用手术治疗方式矫正畸形,解除梗阻,部分患者去除病因后,子宫内膜异位病灶可以完全消失。对于非生殖道畸形的患者,手术目的是去除病灶、分离粘连,恢复盆腔正常解剖结构、缓解疼痛和保护生育功能。目前手术治疗方法包括腹腔镜和开腹。腹腔镜主要采用能量器械操作,对卵巢门及卵巢皮质部位的止血应尤为慎重,处理不当易造成卵巢远期损伤,出现卵巢功能衰竭或者早衰,影响生育能力,故而术中应尽最大可能保护卵巢功能。对于卵巢止血常用方式有电凝和缝合。电凝简便易行,但直接损伤卵巢;缝合止血操作复杂,缝线不宜穿透卵巢皮质,贯穿缝合损伤卵泡,同时缝线外露也容易造成手术周围粘连,腔镜下精细操作有一定难度。开腹手术采用锐性分离,缝合止血,对卵巢功能的影响较小,其缺点是手术切口大,术后易引起盆腔粘连。具体的手术方式应根据患者具体情况而定。

(二)药物治疗

主要用于有手术禁忌或不愿手术治疗和术后辅助治疗。药物的选择根据患者年龄、症状的严重程度和疾病分期而定。

1.口服避孕药

作为一线治疗药物使用,常用的有炔雌醇环丙孕酮、去氧孕烯炔雌醇片。应用雌孕激素可以导致闭经和异位病灶蜕膜化,改善患者疼痛,常和非甾体类抗炎药联合应用。其常见副作用主要是不规则阴道出血,停药后多可消失。

2.孕激素

能直接作用于异位病灶,使之萎缩、退化。常用的孕激素药物有甲羟孕酮,但由于其与同类其他药物相比,耐受性和止痛效果都较差,所以现在已较少使用。

3.GnRH-a

GnRHa对于成年女性子宫内膜异位症的治疗效果明显。其作用机理主要是通过使参与微小病变或潜在肉眼难及的病灶得到抑制、萎缩和退化。用于青春期子宫内膜异位症也有较好的疗效。

GnRHa的主要副作用是出现低雌激素所致的潮热、阴道干燥,骨质丢失,特别骨质丢失对青春期女性影响更深远。因此ACOG建议对于<16岁的青春期子宫内膜异位症患者,选用连续或周期性口服避孕药作为药物治疗的一线方案,>16岁的子宫内膜异位症患者可虑使用GnRHa。使用GnRHa治疗的青春期女性在使用反加疗法时,同时口服钙剂及维生素D,可以协助反加疗法,减少骨质丢失。而对于计划使用GnRHa大于8个月的患者,有必要测量骨密度并每两年复查。

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    2016-05-11 lujingqiao

    学习了,好文章

    0

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    2016-05-08 stead

    学习了,很好的

    0

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    2016-05-08 stead

    学习了,很好的

    0

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