Science新闻:去火星你的大脑会发生什么

2015-05-07 叶予 生物通

NASA打算在2030年将第一批宇航员送到火星,这些宇航员将会好几年暴露在宇宙射线之下。科学家们日前发现,宇宙射线的高能粒子会改变神经元形态,影响宇航员的记忆和其他认知能力。Science网站特别刊文对此进行了介绍。宇宙射线一直是困扰星际旅行的大问题,NASA(和一些科幻小说家)花了大量的时间探索相应的保护措施,比如说用缓冲液环绕宇宙飞船。不过迄今为止,人们并不清楚宇宙射线的具体危害。人们很难直接

NASA打算在2030年将第一批宇航员送到火星,这些宇航员将会好几年暴露在宇宙射线之下。科学家们日前发现,宇宙射线的高能粒子会改变神经元形态,影响宇航员的记忆和其他认知能力。Science网站特别刊文对此进行了介绍。

宇宙射线一直是困扰星际旅行的大问题,NASA(和一些科幻小说家)花了大量的时间探索相应的保护措施,比如说用缓冲液环绕宇宙飞船。不过迄今为止,人们并不清楚宇宙射线的具体危害。

人们很难直接在宇航员身上研究宇宙射线的影响(比如在国际空间站上生活),因为影响认知能力的变数很多,包括太空生活带来的压力。此外,也很难控制照射宇航员的宇宙射线水平,无法进行严谨的实验,纽约医学院的细胞生物学家Patric Stanton说。

加州大学的研究人员用NASA 空间辐射实验室的粒子加速器对雄性小鼠进行了研究,模拟火星之旅中穿过宇宙飞船的宇宙辐射。这项研究发表在五月一日的Science Advances杂志上,文章的通讯作者是加州大学的分子生物学家Charles Limoli。

研究人员让小鼠休息六周,然后对其进行一系列认知测试,比如要求小鼠区分熟悉和陌生的物体。与对照组相比,经过辐射的小鼠认知能力严重受损,Limoli说。举例来说,对照组小鼠花更多的时间在笼子里新出现的物体周围嗅探,说明它们能够对新事物做出正常的反应。而经过辐射的小鼠在新物体和旧物体周围花了同样的时间,说明它们学习和记忆新环境信息的能力受损。

进一步研究显示,小鼠经过辐射之后神经元结构发生了改变。前额叶皮层是与执行能力和高水平认知能力(包括推理、短期记忆、解决问题等)有关的大脑区域。在经过辐射的小鼠中,前额叶皮层的神经元分支(树突)减少了30%-40%,树突负责接收其他细胞传来的电信号。

Stanton指出,除辐射以外的其他因素也能快速改变神经元的结构。剥夺小鼠的玩具或者其他环境刺激,都能引起树突和树突棘萎缩。幸运的是,当环境条件改变的时候,这些结构是可以恢复的。换句话说,人们可以通过药物和认知训练来抵消宇宙辐射带来的负面影响。

还需要进一步研究来确定小鼠的神经元结构改变和行为缺陷是否持久,Stanton说。不过Limoli认为这一发现并不会成为火星之旅的绊脚石,“只是NASA需要考虑到这个问题。”

原始出处:

Vipan K. Parihar, Barrett Allen, Katherine K. Tran, Trisha G. Macaraeg,et al.What happens to your brain on the way to Mars.Science Advances.01 May 2015: Vol. 1 no. 4 e1400256 DOI: 10.1126

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    2015-06-08 18619c0a62m

    围观

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    2015-05-09 Evilcat

    oh

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    2015-05-09 jichang
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    2015-05-07 huaxipanxing

    看看

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    2015-05-07 Lindong

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