J Neuro:降胆固醇药在阿尔茨海默氏病的动物研究中有裨益

2012-04-10 EurekAlert! EurekAlert!

4月4日,国际著名杂志《神经科学杂志》The Journal of Neuroscience上的一则研究披露,一种为减少罹患心血管疾病风险而经常开的降胆固醇处方药在一种阿尔茨海默氏病的小鼠模型中恢复了其血管功能。 药物辛伐他汀(舒降之®)——它是通过减缓胆固醇的产生而发挥作用的——还能在成年小鼠模型,而不是老年的阿尔茨海默氏病的小鼠模型中改善其学习和记忆能力。这些发现给他汀类药物的早期治疗

4月4日,国际著名杂志《神经科学杂志》The Journal of Neuroscience上的一则研究披露,一种为减少罹患心血管疾病风险而经常开的降胆固醇处方药在一种阿尔茨海默氏病的小鼠模型中恢复了其血管功能。 药物辛伐他汀(舒降之®)——它是通过减缓胆固醇的产生而发挥作用的——还能在成年小鼠模型,而不是老年的阿尔茨海默氏病的小鼠模型中改善其学习和记忆能力。这些发现给他汀类药物的早期治疗可保护机体抵御阿尔茨海默氏病的某些症状的不断增加的证据增添了新的内容。

阿尔茨海默氏病会破坏神经细胞并损害脑中血管的功能。最近的研究显示,在成年时开始服用他汀类药物的人可降低其阿尔茨海默氏病的发病率,但那些在老年后才服用他汀类药物的人则不会体验到这一裨益。尽管这些研究指出了他汀类药物具有年龄相关性裨益,但科学家们继续在追问降胆固醇治疗是如何在阿尔茨海默氏病中影响脑功能的。

在一则先前的研究中,麦吉尔大学的Edith Hamel, PhD及其同事们在老年阿尔茨海默氏病模型小鼠(年龄为12个月)中进行了测试,这些小鼠接受了8个星期的低剂量的辛伐他汀。该药物帮助改善了它们的血管功能,但没有提高这些老年小鼠的记忆力。

在新的研究中,Hamel的小组对年轻一些的小鼠(年龄为6个月)和老年小鼠(年龄为12个月)进行了测试,这些小鼠接受了3到6个月的较高剂量的辛伐他汀。尽管辛伐他汀在两个年龄组的小鼠中都恢复了其脑血管的功能,但只有年轻的小鼠在学习和记忆测试中显示出其能力有所改善。与未经治疗的小鼠相比,这些年轻小鼠的海马——一个脑中的与学习和记忆有关的区域——中的2个与记忆有关的蛋白的浓度也较高。

该研究的资深作者Hamel说:“这一研究显示,如果在疾病过程的早期给予辛伐他汀可保护机体抵御阿尔茨海默氏病对参与记忆功能的神经细胞的某些破坏性影响。”

在罹患阿尔茨海默氏病的人中,被称作β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)的蛋白碎片会在神经细胞间形成斑块而破坏细胞间的沟通。在正常的情况下,这些蛋白片段会被降解并被清除。在阿尔茨海默氏病中,蛋白碎片会集结在一起——据信这是促成记忆丧失的一个因素。Hamel的团队对接受了辛伐他汀的年轻和老年阿尔茨海默氏病模型小鼠的Aβ蛋白的存在进行了检测。尽管年轻小鼠的学习和记忆得到改善,但该药在这两组小鼠中都没有减少Aβ蛋白的水平。

明尼苏达大学的一位阿尔茨海默氏病专家Ling Li, PhD说:“这篇文章加入了数量不断增加的临床前研究,这些研究显示他汀类药物——尤其是容易进入脑中的辛伐他汀可抵消阿尔茨海默氏病的某些方面的影响,尽管人们没有看到它对β-淀粉样蛋白有作用。”她补充说:“尽管有一些临床试验尚未显示他汀类药物对阿尔茨海默氏病的裨益,但现在的关键是要弄清楚如何将这些实验室中的激动人心的发现转化为临床应用。”

这项研究得到了加拿大卫生研究院的支持。(生物谷Bioon.com)

doi:10.1523/​JNEUROSCI.0169
PMC:
PMID:

Age-Dependent Rescue by Simvastatin of Alzheimer's Disease Cerebrovascular and Memory Deficits

Xin-Kang Tong, Clotilde Lecrux, and Edith Hamel

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is now established as a progressive compromise not only of the neurons but also of the cerebral vasculature. Increasing evidence also indicates that cerebrovascular dysfunction may be a key or an aggravating pathogenic factor in AD, emphasizing the importance to properly control this deficit when aiming for effective therapy. Here, we report that simvastatin (3–6 months, 40 mg/kg/d) completely rescued cerebrovascular reactivity, basal endothelial nitric oxide synthesis, and activity-induced neurometabolic and neurovascular coupling in adult (6 months) and aged (12 months) transgenic mice overexpressing the Swedish and Indiana mutations of the human amyloid precursor protein (AD mice). Remarkably, simvastatin fully restored short- and long-term memory in adult, but not in aged AD mice. These beneficial effects occurred without any decreasing effect of simvastatin on brain amyloid-β (Aβ) levels or plaque load. However, in AD mice with recovered memory, protein levels of the learning- and memory-related immediate early genes c-Fos and Egr-1 were normalized or upregulated in hippocampal CA1 neurons, indicative of restored neuronal function. In contrast, the levels of phospholipase A2, enkephalin, PSD-95, synaptophysin, or glutamate NMDA receptor subunit type 2B were either unaltered in AD mice or unaffected by treatment. These findings disclose new sites of action for statins against Aβ-induced neuronal and cerebrovascular deficits that could be predictive of therapeutic benefit in AD patients. They further indicate that simvastatin and, possibly, other brain penetrant statins bear high therapeutic promise in early AD and in patients with vascular diseases who are at risk of developing AD.

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